40 Questions
Which term describes an unintended effect of a drug that occurs at normal doses?
Side effect
Which category of adverse effects is related to the body's immune system response to a drug?
Immunological
What does LD50 refer to?
Lethal dose for 50% of the test animals
What is the term for the ratio of the toxic dose to the effective dose of a drug?
Therapeutic index
What is the term for a genetically determined abnormal response to a drug?
Drug idiosyncrasy
What are drugs that are proven or highly suspected to cause birth defects known as?
Teratogens
What is the main factor that affects addiction to a given drug?
The frequency of administration
What is the definition of physical dependence?
Necessitates the continued administration of the drug to prevent withdrawal symptoms
What are the principal features of overdose toxicity of a drug?
Intense unpleasant symptoms
What is the therapeutic index of a drug?
The ratio of the dose that produces toxicity to the dose that produces a therapeutic response
What is drug idiosyncrasy?
An unpredictable reaction to a drug
What is the main feature of drug allergy?
An immune system response
What is the definition of a teratogen?
A substance that causes birth defects
What are the main features of drug carcinogenesis?
The process by which a substance causes cancer
Which term describes non-deleterious drug effects related to pharmacological properties or drug receptors?
Side effects
What are agents that, when administered during pregnancy, can cause abnormal in utero development or malformations?
Teratogens
What is the ratio between a median harmful dose and a median effective dose of a drug called?
Therapeutic index
What type of drug reaction is immunologically mediated and reoccurs upon re-exposure to the drug?
Drug allergy
What type of drug effects occur after standard therapeutic doses and are undesirable and deleterious?
Adverse effects
Which type of drug reactions are unusual, abnormal responses to a drug, generally dose-dependent and occur in genetically susceptible individuals?
Idiosyncratic drug reactions
Which compound is widely available as a solvent and in paints and antifreezes, and its metabolites are highly toxic?
Methanol
What type of metabolism does methanol undergo, similar to ethanol?
Zero order metabolism
What is the management approach to correct the metabolic acidosis caused by methanol?
Inhibiting methanol metabolism with ethanol
Which compound is a constituent of antifreezes for car radiators and metabolizes to glycolate and oxalate, causing acidosis and renal damage?
Ethylene Glycol
What corrects the acidosis caused by ethylene glycol poisoning?
IV sodium bicarbonate
What competitively inhibits the metabolism of ethylene glycol?
Ethanol or fomepizole
What are the learning objectives mentioned in the text?
All of the above
What does hemodialysis do in the management of methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning?
Eliminates the poison
What is the constituent of antifreezes for car radiators, metabolizing to glycolate and oxalate?
Ethylene Glycol
What corrects hypocalcemia in ethylene glycol poisoning?
Calcium gluconate
What is the mechanism of inhibiting methanol metabolism with ethanol?
Competitive inhibition of dehydrogenase enzymes
What is the constituent of antifreezes for car radiators that metabolizes to glycolate and oxalate, causing acidosis and renal damage?
Ethylene glycol
What is the effect of hemodialysis in the management of methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning?
Eliminates the poison
How does IV sodium bicarbonate correct the acidosis caused by ethylene glycol poisoning?
By neutralizing the acid produced
What is the effect of ethanol or fomepizole in the management of ethylene glycol poisoning?
Competitively inhibits the metabolism
What is the main feature of methanol metabolism, similar to ethanol?
Zero order metabolism
Which compound is widely available as a solvent and in paints and antifreezes, and its metabolites are highly toxic?
Methanol
What is the management approach to correct the metabolic acidosis caused by methanol?
Inhibiting methanol metabolism with ethanol
What does calcium gluconate correct in the management of ethylene glycol poisoning?
Hypocalcemia
What are the learning objectives mentioned in the text?
Identify common toxins, their toxidromes, and potential antidotes
Study Notes
Pharmacology and Drug Effects Summary
- Drug misuse, abuse, addiction, and physical dependence are distinct terms with specific definitions.
- Side effects are non-deleterious drug effects related to pharmacological properties or drug receptors.
- Adverse effects are undesirable, deleterious drug effects occurring after standard therapeutic doses.
- Adverse effects can be pharmacological, cytotoxic, or immunological in nature.
- Overdose toxicity results from administration of doses higher than therapeutic, and is dose-dependent.
- Toxic doses are classified as minimum toxic dose, median toxic dose, and maximum toxic dose.
- The therapeutic index is the ratio between a median harmful dose and a median effective dose of a drug.
- Idiosyncratic drug reactions are unusual, abnormal responses to a drug, generally dose-dependent and occur in genetically susceptible individuals.
- Drug allergy is an immunologically mediated, adverse drug effect that reoccurs upon re-exposure to the drug.
- A drug may cause an allergic reaction if it has a molecular weight higher than 6000 and can function as a hapten.
- The Gell and Coombs classification categorizes allergic reactions into four types.
- Teratogens are agents that, when administered during pregnancy, can cause abnormal in utero development or malformations.
Test your knowledge of pharmacology and drug effects with this quiz. Explore the distinctions between drug misuse, abuse, addiction, and physical dependence, as well as side effects and adverse effects. Learn about overdose toxicity, toxic doses, therapeutic index, idiosyncratic drug reactions, drug allergy, and teratogens.
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