Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is an example of a schedule 2 drug commonly found in dental hygiene practice?
Which of the following is an example of a schedule 2 drug commonly found in dental hygiene practice?
What is a characteristic of schedule 3 drugs?
What is a characteristic of schedule 3 drugs?
Which of the following drugs is classified as unscheduled?
Which of the following drugs is classified as unscheduled?
What documentation is required for schedule II drugs in the US?
What documentation is required for schedule II drugs in the US?
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What must a dental hygienist demonstrate before being able to prescribe medications?
What must a dental hygienist demonstrate before being able to prescribe medications?
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Which of the following statements about the prescribing of drugs is accurate?
Which of the following statements about the prescribing of drugs is accurate?
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How long does a written prescription for a schedule II drug remain valid after being phoned in?
How long does a written prescription for a schedule II drug remain valid after being phoned in?
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Why are unscheduled drugs sold without professional intervention?
Why are unscheduled drugs sold without professional intervention?
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What significant discovery did human ancestors make regarding certain plants?
What significant discovery did human ancestors make regarding certain plants?
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Which agency is primarily responsible for regulating drugs in healthcare?
Which agency is primarily responsible for regulating drugs in healthcare?
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What was the 'tree of life' that Jacques Cartier referred to during his expedition?
What was the 'tree of life' that Jacques Cartier referred to during his expedition?
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Which plant species did Indigenous peoples use to remove warts?
Which plant species did Indigenous peoples use to remove warts?
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What was a consequence of European contact on Indigenous populations in Canada?
What was a consequence of European contact on Indigenous populations in Canada?
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Which factor significantly contributed to the development of new medicines after European contact?
Which factor significantly contributed to the development of new medicines after European contact?
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What aspect of pharmacology is emphasized for providing safe client care in a clinical setting?
What aspect of pharmacology is emphasized for providing safe client care in a clinical setting?
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What approach did newcomers to Canada take regarding Indigenous medicinal practices?
What approach did newcomers to Canada take regarding Indigenous medicinal practices?
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What is primarily assessed during the preclinical stage of drug testing?
What is primarily assessed during the preclinical stage of drug testing?
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What must occur before a drug can proceed to clinical trials?
What must occur before a drug can proceed to clinical trials?
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Which phase of clinical trials focuses on safety and optimal dosage in a small group of subjects?
Which phase of clinical trials focuses on safety and optimal dosage in a small group of subjects?
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In which stage can a drug be removed from the market due to serious toxicity issues?
In which stage can a drug be removed from the market due to serious toxicity issues?
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Which component of a prescription includes the directions for the pharmacist?
Which component of a prescription includes the directions for the pharmacist?
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What information is included in the heading of a modern prescription?
What information is included in the heading of a modern prescription?
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Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of a licensed dental hygienist in prescription writing?
Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of a licensed dental hygienist in prescription writing?
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What should be charted by a dental hygienist when discussing prescriptions with a client?
What should be charted by a dental hygienist when discussing prescriptions with a client?
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What is the primary requirement before issuing a prescription?
What is the primary requirement before issuing a prescription?
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Which of the following is an essential component of a written prescription?
Which of the following is an essential component of a written prescription?
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When should verbal prescriptions be utilized?
When should verbal prescriptions be utilized?
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What is a limitation regarding faxing prescriptions?
What is a limitation regarding faxing prescriptions?
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Which medication class is explicitly mentioned as being prescribed?
Which medication class is explicitly mentioned as being prescribed?
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Why does fluoride not require a prescription?
Why does fluoride not require a prescription?
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What should be reviewed before prescribing medication?
What should be reviewed before prescribing medication?
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Which type of information must not be included in a prescription?
Which type of information must not be included in a prescription?
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What is the main purpose of prescribing antibiotics in this case?
What is the main purpose of prescribing antibiotics in this case?
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What could be a reason for the client's gastrointestinal upset while taking the antibiotic?
What could be a reason for the client's gastrointestinal upset while taking the antibiotic?
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How long should the client take the prescribed antibiotic for effective treatment?
How long should the client take the prescribed antibiotic for effective treatment?
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What aspect of the client's recent treatment does her statement about stopping the medication indicate?
What aspect of the client's recent treatment does her statement about stopping the medication indicate?
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What should have been communicated to the client regarding the chlorhexidine mouth rinse?
What should have been communicated to the client regarding the chlorhexidine mouth rinse?
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What might be a consequence of the client not completing the antibiotic treatment?
What might be a consequence of the client not completing the antibiotic treatment?
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What indicates that the client was willing to comply with the mouth rinse treatment?
What indicates that the client was willing to comply with the mouth rinse treatment?
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Which of the following medications was prescribed to manage the client's pain?
Which of the following medications was prescribed to manage the client's pain?
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Study Notes
History of Pharmacology
- Pharmacology began when human ancestors discovered that consuming specific plants altered body functions and awareness.
- Indigenous peoples have used medicinal plants for centuries; they have identified over 400 different species of plants, lichens, fungi, and algae with medicinal properties.
- Europeans adopted many Indigenous plant medicines, like the "tree of life" used to cure scurvy by Jacques Cartier's crew.
- Indigenous peoples also learned to use medicines from Europe and other parts of the world.
Drug Development Phases
- Preclinical Stage: Testing on animals lasting three years to assess carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, and drug breakdown and elimination.
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Clinical Stage: Human trials requiring Investigational New Drug (IND) approval.
- Phase 1: Small, increasing doses on limited subjects, testing safety, drug toxic effects, and dose range.
- Phase 2: Larger number of subjects, testing dose range and effectiveness, adverse reactions reported to the FDA.
- Phase 3: Large number of subjects, testing safety, dose, and efficacy.
- NDA Review: New Drug Application (NDA) approval required before proceeding to postmarketing surveillance.
- Postmarketing Surveillance (Phase 4): Drug released and marketed under supervision. Toxicity is monitored, and the drug may be removed from the market if serious issues arise.
Drug Naming
- Chemical Name: Describes the drug's chemical composition.
- Generic Name: Non-proprietary name assigned by the manufacturer.
- Trade Name: Brand name given by the manufacturer, marketed under this name.
- Brand Name: Commercial name used for marketing.
Drug Regulations
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Canadian Classification of Drugs and Drug Scheduling: Drugs classified into unscheduled, Schedule 1, Schedule 2, or Schedule 3.
- Unscheduled Drugs: Sold without professional intervention; considered safe and effective for self-selection, like acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and aspirin.
- Schedule 3 Drugs: Can be bought without a prescription but sold only in pharmacies, like fluorides for caries prevention.
- US Scheduled Drugs: Controlled substances divided into five schedules based on abuse potential.
Role of Registered Dental Hygienist (RDH) in Prescription Writing
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Responsibilities:
- Checking for errors.
- Answering client questions.
- Giving client instructions, including dosage, duration, frequency, reason, side effects, and interactions, with repetition for confirmation.
- Charting all information.
- Monitoring for drug shoppers.
- Safeguarding prescription pads and drugs.
Modern Format for Prescriptions
- Heading: Contains the prescribing professional's details (name, address, phone number), the client's details (name, address, phone number, age), and the date.
- Body: Contains the Rx symbol, drug name and dosage, amount to be dispensed, directions to the client, and an example.
- Closing: Includes the prescriber's signature, drug enforcement number, and refill instructions.
Case Study: Periodontitis Treatment and Client Adherence
- A 36-year-old female with a periodontal abscess received treatment, including ibuprofen, penicillin, and chlorhexidine rinse prescription.
- Client's adherence was poor; she stopped taking the antibiotic and mouthwash due to side effects and not fully understanding the importance of completing the full course of treatment.
- Case highlights the need for thorough patient education on proper medication use, side effects, and the importance of adherence, especially with antibiotics.
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Description
Explore the rich history of pharmacology, from ancient medicinal plant use to modern drug development. This quiz covers the essential stages in drug creation, including preclinical and clinical trials, and the significant contributions of indigenous knowledge. Test your understanding of how these elements shape contemporary pharmacological practices.
