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Questions and Answers
Paracelsus opposed the use of individual drugs in favor of mixtures and potions.
Paracelsus opposed the use of individual drugs in favor of mixtures and potions.
False (B)
Francois Magendie was known for his contributions to experimental physiology.
Francois Magendie was known for his contributions to experimental physiology.
True (A)
The chemical name of a drug reflects its commercial branding.
The chemical name of a drug reflects its commercial branding.
False (B)
Generic names of drugs are protected by trademark.
Generic names of drugs are protected by trademark.
Dissolution occurs when a drug in solid form must disintegrate into small particles.
Dissolution occurs when a drug in solid form must disintegrate into small particles.
Phase III clinical trials compare the drug to commonly used treatments.
Phase III clinical trials compare the drug to commonly used treatments.
Clinical trials do not require testing in healthy individuals prior to treatment studies.
Clinical trials do not require testing in healthy individuals prior to treatment studies.
The foramen of Magendie is associated with Paracelsus.
The foramen of Magendie is associated with Paracelsus.
The process of movement to achieve drug action consists of five phases.
The process of movement to achieve drug action consists of five phases.
Passive absorption occurs primarily through diffusion.
Passive absorption occurs primarily through diffusion.
Active absorption requires a carrier to help move the drug against a concentration gradient.
Active absorption requires a carrier to help move the drug against a concentration gradient.
Pinocytosis involves the engulfing of drug particles by cells.
Pinocytosis involves the engulfing of drug particles by cells.
Lipid-soluble and non-ionized drugs are typically absorbed more slowly than water-soluble and ionized drugs.
Lipid-soluble and non-ionized drugs are typically absorbed more slowly than water-soluble and ionized drugs.
The pharmacokinetics phase focuses on how drugs produce effects within the body.
The pharmacokinetics phase focuses on how drugs produce effects within the body.
Three phases of drug action taken by mouth are pharmaceutic, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics.
Three phases of drug action taken by mouth are pharmaceutic, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics.
Category A studies in pregnant women have shown an increased risk of fetal abnormalities.
Category A studies in pregnant women have shown an increased risk of fetal abnormalities.
The pharmacodynamic phase involves the absorption, distribution, and metabolism of drugs.
The pharmacodynamic phase involves the absorption, distribution, and metabolism of drugs.
Category B indicates that animal studies have provided evidence of harm to the fetus.
Category B indicates that animal studies have provided evidence of harm to the fetus.
An antagonist is a drug that binds to a receptor site and enhances the action of the endogenous messenger.
An antagonist is a drug that binds to a receptor site and enhances the action of the endogenous messenger.
Pharmacokinetics studies the mathematical relationships among absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs over time.
Pharmacokinetics studies the mathematical relationships among absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs over time.
Liberation is related to the absorption of a drug into the bloodstream.
Liberation is related to the absorption of a drug into the bloodstream.
The rate of absorption is influenced by the route of administration and the solubility of the drug.
The rate of absorption is influenced by the route of administration and the solubility of the drug.
In pharmacokinetics, the term ADME refers to the processes after liberation from the dosage form.
In pharmacokinetics, the term ADME refers to the processes after liberation from the dosage form.
Adequate studies in pregnant women have been conducted for Category B drugs.
Adequate studies in pregnant women have been conducted for Category B drugs.
Additive Effect occurs when two drugs with different actions are taken together to increase their individual effects.
Additive Effect occurs when two drugs with different actions are taken together to increase their individual effects.
An allergic reaction involves a response from antibodies developed after prior exposure to a drug.
An allergic reaction involves a response from antibodies developed after prior exposure to a drug.
The term 'synergistic effect' means the combined effect of two drugs is less than the sum of their individual effects.
The term 'synergistic effect' means the combined effect of two drugs is less than the sum of their individual effects.
Incompatibility refers to when one drug enhances the absorption of another drug.
Incompatibility refers to when one drug enhances the absorption of another drug.
Carcinogenicity is defined as the ability of a drug to cause allergies in patients.
Carcinogenicity is defined as the ability of a drug to cause allergies in patients.
Adverse drug reactions are defined as any noxious and unintended effects of a drug occurring at therapeutic doses.
Adverse drug reactions are defined as any noxious and unintended effects of a drug occurring at therapeutic doses.
A complete list of a patient's medications is essential for ensuring safe and effective healthcare.
A complete list of a patient's medications is essential for ensuring safe and effective healthcare.
Tetracycline combined with antacid leads to an increased absorption of tetracycline.
Tetracycline combined with antacid leads to an increased absorption of tetracycline.
Active immunity occurs when an individual receives antibodies from another source.
Active immunity occurs when an individual receives antibodies from another source.
H1 receptors are responsible for mediating contraction of smooth muscle in the bronchi and intestine.
H1 receptors are responsible for mediating contraction of smooth muscle in the bronchi and intestine.
Passive immunity is induced when the body produces its own antibodies.
Passive immunity is induced when the body produces its own antibodies.
Short-term relief for allergies can be achieved using corticosteroids.
Short-term relief for allergies can be achieved using corticosteroids.
Allergic rhinitis is also known as hay fever.
Allergic rhinitis is also known as hay fever.
Prostaglandins are primarily involved with the gastrointestinal system.
Prostaglandins are primarily involved with the gastrointestinal system.
Long-term desensitization programs are a short-term method for treating allergies.
Long-term desensitization programs are a short-term method for treating allergies.
The endocrine system is not affected by histamine receptors.
The endocrine system is not affected by histamine receptors.
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Study Notes
Contributions to Medicine
- Paracelsus (1493-1541) pioneered the use of chemicals and minerals for medicinal purposes.
- He advocated for using individual drugs rather than mixtures, opposing polypharmacy.
- Francois Magendie was a French physiologist known for his work in experimental physiology, particularly recognizing the foramen of Magendie and Magendie sign.
Drug Classification and Naming
- Chemical Name reflects the drug’s chemical makeup (e.g., Immunoglobulin G1).
- Generic Name assigned by the manufacturer (USAN) is nonproprietary and not trademark-protected.
- Brand Name is the copyrighted trade name used exclusively for marketing.
- Excipients are fillers that enhance drug dissolution and provide form.
Drug Dissolution and Disintegration
- Dissolution involves solid drugs (tablets or capsules) disintegrating into small particles for absorption.
- Disintegration is the breakdown of a tablet into smaller particles before dissolution can occur.
- Enteric-coated drugs resist gastric acid but dissolve in the intestine.
Clinical Trials Phases
- Phase I involves 20-100 healthy individuals to assess safety.
- Phase II tests the drug in patients with the condition intended for treatment.
- Phase III compares the drug with standard treatments for efficacy.
- Phase IV is post-marketing surveillance to monitor long-term effects.
Pharmacokinetic Phases
- The four phases are Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination (ADME), which represent the movement of drugs in the body.
- Absorption processes can be passive (diffusion), active (requiring carriers), or pinocytosis (cell engulfing drug).
Drug Action and Pharmacodynamics
- Drugs that are lipid-soluble and non-ionized are absorbed more rapidly than water-soluble and ionized drugs.
- Pharmacodynamics studies how drugs produce their effects within the body.
FDA Drug Categories in Pregnancy
- Category A: No increased risk of fetal abnormalities from well-controlled studies.
- Category B: Animal studies show no harm; inadequate studies in pregnant women.
- Category C: Animal studies have shown adverse effects but lack human studies.
Drug Interactions
- Additive Effect occurs when two drugs with similar actions enhance the overall effect (e.g., Propoxyphene + aspirin).
- Synergistic Effect occurs when the combined effect is greater than the sum (e.g., Aspirin + codeine).
- Antagonistic Effect occurs when one drug hinders another's action (e.g., Tetracycline + antacid).
- Incompatibility refers to chemical interactions that render drugs ineffective when mixed (e.g., Ampicillin + Gentamicin).
Allergic Reactions
- Allergic reactions are hypersensitivity responses resulting from prior exposure that can lead to urticaria (hives).
- Carcinogenicity refers to a drug's potential to induce cell mutation and cancer.
Considerations for Elderly Patients
- Physiologic function changes in elderly patients affect various systems (optic, gastrointestinal, urinary, cardiovascular).
Immunization and Types of Immunity
- Immunization develops resistance to infectious diseases through active or passive immunity.
- Active immunity arises from exposure to pathogens, while passive immunity comes from external antibodies.
Endogenous Chemicals Affecting Drug Response
- Histamine receptors:
- H1 receptors mediate contractions in smooth muscles.
- H2 receptors influence gastric secretion and cardiac functions.
Patient Education and Medication Management
- The primary goal of medication management is patient compliance with the prescribed regimen and dose schedule.
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