Pharmacology and Angina Concepts

<p>Stable angina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe headache (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atherosclerotic disease of the coronary arteries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intravenously (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prinzmetal angina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To dilate the coronary vasculature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sublingual tablets or spray (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It inhibits the late phase of sodium current (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholesterol and triglycerides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Above 240 mg/dL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To deliver cholesterol to peripheral cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To carry cholesterol to the liver for metabolism and excretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ranolazine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased cytoplasmic calcium concentration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Digitalis glycosides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Digoxin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypokalemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal excretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initiation of ACE inhibitors, β-blockers, and diuretics followed by digoxin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Replenish potassium if indicated (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholesterol levels decrease as the liver uses it to produce more bile. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A heart disease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BP greater than or equal to 140 mmHg systolic pressure, or greater than or equal to 90 mmHg diastolic pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Time delay between atrial and ventricular activation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promote a net loss of sodium ions and water from the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Losartan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcatheter radiofrequency ablation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduce levels of aldosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To restore normal cardiac function and prevent life-threatening arrhythmias. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thiazide diuretics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enlarged ventricles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibit release of renin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperlipidemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibiting the function of specific ion channels or altering autonomic input. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased tone leading to increased arteriolar resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary and peripheral edema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antiplatelets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repolarization abnormality increasing the risk of ventricular arrhythmias. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bumetanide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To decrease peripheral vascular resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Venous and arterial dilators (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypotension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac contractility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The medical term for high blood pressure, defined in adults as a systolic pressure of 140 mmHg or greater, or a diastolic pressure of 90 mmHg or greater.

Drugs that promote a net loss of sodium ions and water from the body, increasing urine flow.

Different types of diuretics act at different sites of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney.

Hypertension results from increased tone of the peripheral vascular arteriolar smooth muscle, leading to increased arteriolar resistance and reduced capacitance of the venous system.

Controllable risk factors for hypertension: obesity, sodium intake, alcohol, lack of exercise, and stress.

Uncontrollable risk factors for hypertension: age, race, and heredity.

1. thiazide diuretics, 2. loop diuretics, 3. K+ sparing diuretics, 4. osmotic diuretics, 5. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.

Non-pharmacological treatments for hypertension include: weight reduction, salt restriction, moderation of alcohol consumption, and healthy eating.

These drugs block the angiotensin II receptor, preventing angiotensin II from binding and causing vasoconstriction and aldosterone release, ultimately lowering blood pressure and reducing strain on the heart.

These medications block the effects of aldosterone, a hormone that promotes sodium and water retention, leading to fluid overload. Reducing aldosterone levels helps to alleviate symptoms of heart failure by decreasing fluid buildup.

β-blockers are used in heart failure to reduce the stress on the heart by slowing your heart rate and preventing the release of certain hormones. They help regulate the body's response to stress, making it easier for the heart to pump.

These drugs dilate blood vessels to decrease the workload on the heart. They help reduce the pressure in the blood vessels, making it easier for the heart to pump blood.

Positive inotropic agents directly strengthen the heart muscle. They help the heart pump more effectively by increasing the force of its contractions.

A group of medications used to increase heart muscle contractility and improve heart function in patients with heart failure.

A medication that increases the force of heart muscle contractions by raising the concentration of calcium ions in the heart cells.

The range between the effective dose of a drug and the toxic dose. A narrow index means that the difference between a therapeutic dose and a toxic dose is small.

A condition that increases the risk of digoxin toxicity. Digoxin and potassium compete for the same binding site on a key protein in the heart.

A treatment used to remove digoxin from the body by binding to it and inactivating it.

A class of medications that stimulate beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart and blood vessels, leading to increased heart rate and contractility, and vasodilation.

A positive inotropic effect means that the medication strengthens the heart's contractility by increasing the force of its beat.

A drug that increases the strength of the heart's contractions, directly impacting how much blood the heart pumps out with each beat.

A common inotropic agent used for short-term treatment of heart failure, acting by stimulating beta-adrenergic receptors.

A type of medication that increases intracellular calcium levels, thereby enhancing contractility.

A phosphodiesterase inhibitor commonly used for short-term heart failure treatment, increasing intracellular calcium.

Chest pain or discomfort caused when the heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen.

A narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, the main blood suppliers to the heart.

A type of angina characterized by a predictable pattern of chest pain triggered by exertion.

A condition where the heart beats irregularly, either too fast, too slow, or with an irregular rhythm.

An electrical recording of the heart's activity, providing information about the rate and rhythm of heartbeats.

A specialized type of medication that regulates the heart's rhythm, targeting specific ion channels or influencing autonomic nervous system input.

A measure of the time between the start of atrial depolarization (P wave) and the start of ventricular depolarization (QRS complex) on an ECG.

A period on the ECG that represents the delay between atrial and ventricular activation, reflecting conduction through the AV node.

An abnormal electrical signal in the heart that can increase the risk of ventricular arrhythmias, observed as a prolonged time on the ECG.

The process of using an ECG to analyze the cause and type of arrhythmia, considering other clinical factors.

Restoring normal heart rhythm (sinus rhythm) and preventing life-threatening arrhythmias.

Nitrates are a group of medications used to treat angina, a condition characterized by chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart. They work by relaxing blood vessels, dilating coronary arteries, and increasing the heart's blood supply.

Nitrates are available in different forms, each with varying onset of action and elimination rates. Sublingual nitroglycerin acts fastest, within 1-5 minutes, while oral and transdermal forms take longer, around 30-35 minutes.

Sublingual nitroglycerin, either in tablet or spray form, is the preferred treatment for immediate relief of an angina attack due to its rapid onset of action.

Ranolazine is a medication that blocks sodium channels in heart cells, improving oxygen supply and demand balance. It's used to treat chronic angina, particularly in patients who haven't responded well to other medications.

Hyperlipidemia is a condition characterized by elevated levels of lipids, particularly cholesterol and triglycerides, in the blood. It is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and heart disease.

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are responsible for transporting cholesterol to the cells. Excess LDL can lead to the build-up of cholesterol in the arteries, contributing to atherosclerosis.

High-density lipoproteins (HDL) collect cholesterol from the peripheral cells and transport it to the liver where it is disposed of. Higher HDL levels reduce the risk of atherosclerosis.

Maintaining high HDL levels is beneficial because it helps remove cholesterol from the arteries, protecting against atherosclerosis. Conversely, lowering LDL levels is crucial to reduce the risk of heart disease.