Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a disadvantage of oral drug administration?
What is a disadvantage of oral drug administration?
Which factor does NOT influence the absorption and distribution of an orally administered drug?
Which factor does NOT influence the absorption and distribution of an orally administered drug?
Which route of administration bypasses first-pass metabolism?
Which route of administration bypasses first-pass metabolism?
What is the primary reason for the variable drug concentrations observed with oral administration?
What is the primary reason for the variable drug concentrations observed with oral administration?
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Which characteristic of the drug may influence the choice of administration route?
Which characteristic of the drug may influence the choice of administration route?
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What factor is considered when determining the maximum concentration a drug can reach in the bloodstream?
What factor is considered when determining the maximum concentration a drug can reach in the bloodstream?
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Which one of the following statements about sublingual administration is true?
Which one of the following statements about sublingual administration is true?
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Which factor can lead to quicker absorption of drugs during oral administration?
Which factor can lead to quicker absorption of drugs during oral administration?
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What role does the partition coefficient play in drug administration?
What role does the partition coefficient play in drug administration?
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Which advantage is associated specifically with sublingual administration?
Which advantage is associated specifically with sublingual administration?
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Which method is used when a drug cannot be administered orally, especially in children?
Which method is used when a drug cannot be administered orally, especially in children?
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What is a significant disadvantage of intravenous administration?
What is a significant disadvantage of intravenous administration?
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Intraosseous administration is primarily used in what situations?
Intraosseous administration is primarily used in what situations?
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Which factor does NOT affect the absorption rate in intramuscular administration?
Which factor does NOT affect the absorption rate in intramuscular administration?
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What is a critical risk associated with intrathecal administration?
What is a critical risk associated with intrathecal administration?
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Which route primarily avoids first-pass metabolism?
Which route primarily avoids first-pass metabolism?
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Which of the following disadvantages is true for subcutaneous administration?
Which of the following disadvantages is true for subcutaneous administration?
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Why is intradermal administration commonly used for allergy tests?
Why is intradermal administration commonly used for allergy tests?
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Inhalatory route absorption differs from others due to its:
Inhalatory route absorption differs from others due to its:
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Which route is commonly preferred for drugs that irritate the gastric mucosa?
Which route is commonly preferred for drugs that irritate the gastric mucosa?
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Study Notes
ADME Overview
- ADME stands for Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination, which are crucial in pharmacokinetics.
- Partition coefficient is influenced by environmental pH and drug pKa, affecting drug membrane permeability.
Routes of Administration
- Administration route critically affects drug bioavailability, peak concentration, and therapeutic onset time.
- Route selection depends on drug characteristics and patient needs.
Enteral Routes
Oral Administration
- Most practical and commonly used route; advantages include cost-effectiveness, safety, and patient acceptance.
- Disadvantages include unpredictable blood concentrations, first-pass metabolism, and patient compliance issues.
- Drug absorption can be altered by various gastrointestinal factors (e.g., peristalsis, gastric acidity).
Sublingual and Buccal Administration
- Drug placed under tongue or in buccal cavity for rapid absorption.
- Advantages include low cost, quick effects, and avoidance of first-pass metabolism.
- Disadvantages involve limited drug types and potential irritation of the oral mucosa.
Rectal Administration
- Useful when oral route is not feasible; particularly for children and patients unable to swallow.
- Advantages include reduced first-pass metabolism and higher drug concentrations.
- Disadvantages include erratic absorption, potential irritation, and higher costs.
Parenteral Routes
Intravenous Administration
- Provides rapid and complete bioavailability, useful in emergencies.
- Advantages include bypassing first-pass metabolism and immediate drug effects.
- Disadvantages include irretrievability post-administration and risk of blood cell damage.
Intra-arterial and Intracardiac Administrations
- Used for localized effects and diagnostic purposes; rarely employed.
- Effective in emergencies, delivering high local concentrations.
Intraosseous Administration
- A newer route used for immediate drug delivery in emergencies when other access is unavailable.
- Involves injecting into bone marrow and is quick and safe.
Intramuscular Administration
- Suitable for less lipophilic drugs; absorption time generally 10-30 minutes.
- Factors affecting absorption include muscle tone, perfusion, and drug characteristics.
- Disadvantages: pain, difficulty in self-administration, risk of injury or complications.
Cutaneous Routes
Intradermal Administration
- Involves injecting small drug quantities just below the skin's outer layer; often for diagnostic uses.
- Faster absorption than subcutaneous administration.
Subcutaneous Administration
- Slower than intradermal; commonly used for insulin injections.
- Absorption influenced by injection site and blood flow; potential complications include pain and necrosis.
Other Routes
Intracavitary Administration
- Mainly used in animal trials, effective due to large absorption surface.
- Risks include first-pass effect, adhesions, and infections.
Intrathecal Administration
- Allows direct drug delivery to the central nervous system by bypassing barriers.
- Associated with risks including pain and need for specialized technique.
Inhalatory Route
- Suitable for systemic or local effects; absorption is rapid due to alveolar surface.
- Drug forms can be gaseous, aerosolized, or micronized.
- Particle size affects deposition in the respiratory tract:
- Particles >20 μm target upper airways.
- Particles 1-10 μm reach bronchi and alveoli.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts of ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination) in pharmacology, focusing on the role of the partition coefficient and the impact of pH and pKa on drug absorption. Additionally, it will explore various administration routes and the phases of drug absorption and distribution.
