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Questions and Answers
What type of transport does NOT require energy for the absorption of enteric coated medication?
What type of transport does NOT require energy for the absorption of enteric coated medication?
Which of the following processes involves drug absorption by a cell engulfing drug particles?
Which of the following processes involves drug absorption by a cell engulfing drug particles?
In which part of the body does absorption of enteric coated medication primarily take place?
In which part of the body does absorption of enteric coated medication primarily take place?
Which statement about diffusion in drug absorption is true?
Which statement about diffusion in drug absorption is true?
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Which of the following is NOT a method of absorption in the small intestine?
Which of the following is NOT a method of absorption in the small intestine?
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What is the primary aim of the Philippine National Drug Formulary?
What is the primary aim of the Philippine National Drug Formulary?
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Which herbal remedy is used to boost the immune system?
Which herbal remedy is used to boost the immune system?
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What is a recognized benefit of Ginger according to the herbal remedies listed?
What is a recognized benefit of Ginger according to the herbal remedies listed?
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What regulatory act aims to strengthen the capacity of the FDA in the Philippines?
What regulatory act aims to strengthen the capacity of the FDA in the Philippines?
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Which herbal remedy is associated with treating bronchitis and gastrointestinal problems?
Which herbal remedy is associated with treating bronchitis and gastrointestinal problems?
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What does the expiration date of medication ensure?
What does the expiration date of medication ensure?
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Which herb is known for its effect on managing cholesterol levels?
Which herb is known for its effect on managing cholesterol levels?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a use of Echinacea?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a use of Echinacea?
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What is the basic formula to determine the amount to administer?
What is the basic formula to determine the amount to administer?
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According to Young’s Rule, how is a child’s dose calculated?
According to Young’s Rule, how is a child’s dose calculated?
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How does Clark’s Rule determine a child's dose?
How does Clark’s Rule determine a child's dose?
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What factor is used in Fried's Rule to determine an infant's dose?
What factor is used in Fried's Rule to determine an infant's dose?
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What does the formula Amount to administer = vehicle x desired dose / drug on hand help calculate?
What does the formula Amount to administer = vehicle x desired dose / drug on hand help calculate?
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In the ratio problem, what are the extremes and means represented by?
In the ratio problem, what are the extremes and means represented by?
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Which ratio method involves multiplying the drug on hand by x?
Which ratio method involves multiplying the drug on hand by x?
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When calculating a patient's dose based on body weight, what is the formula used?
When calculating a patient's dose based on body weight, what is the formula used?
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What is the primary reason for avoiding milk when taking iron supplements?
What is the primary reason for avoiding milk when taking iron supplements?
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Which drug effect occurs when two drugs are combined and one blocks the effect of the other?
Which drug effect occurs when two drugs are combined and one blocks the effect of the other?
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What is an example of a desirable additive drug effect?
What is an example of a desirable additive drug effect?
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How does a synergistic drug effect differ from an additive drug effect?
How does a synergistic drug effect differ from an additive drug effect?
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What is the focus of pharmacogenetics?
What is the focus of pharmacogenetics?
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What does the placebo effect refer to?
What does the placebo effect refer to?
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Which of the following is an example of a synergistic drug combination?
Which of the following is an example of a synergistic drug combination?
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What does ethnopharmacology primarily focus on?
What does ethnopharmacology primarily focus on?
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In what situation would an antidote be administered?
In what situation would an antidote be administered?
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What is a common consequence of an adverse drug reaction?
What is a common consequence of an adverse drug reaction?
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Which route of drug administration has a higher absorption rate due to increased blood flow?
Which route of drug administration has a higher absorption rate due to increased blood flow?
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What is the main consequence of the first-pass effect on orally administered drugs?
What is the main consequence of the first-pass effect on orally administered drugs?
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What does bioavailability refer to?
What does bioavailability refer to?
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Which factors may affect the bioavailability of a drug?
Which factors may affect the bioavailability of a drug?
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What happens to highly protein-bound drugs in the bloodstream?
What happens to highly protein-bound drugs in the bloodstream?
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How does liver dysfunction affect drug bioavailability?
How does liver dysfunction affect drug bioavailability?
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What is the primary impact of a drug passing through the liver before reaching systemic circulation?
What is the primary impact of a drug passing through the liver before reaching systemic circulation?
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For orally administered drugs, which factor does NOT affect bioavailability?
For orally administered drugs, which factor does NOT affect bioavailability?
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What type of drugs are considered weakly protein-bound?
What type of drugs are considered weakly protein-bound?
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Which route provides drugs with 100% bioavailability?
Which route provides drugs with 100% bioavailability?
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Study Notes
Absorption of Medications
- Most medications are absorbed in the small intestine via passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and pinocytosis.
- Passive diffusion involves the movement of a drug from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without requiring energy.
- Facilitated diffusion relies on a carrier protein to move the drug across the cell membrane.
- Pinocytosis involves cells engulfing drug particles into a vesicle and carrying them across the cell membrane.
Intramuscular (IM) Drug Absorption
- IM medications are absorbed faster in muscles with increased blood flow, such as the deltoid, compared to muscles with lower blood flow, such as the gluteus maximus.
Subcutaneous Drug Absorption
- Subcutaneous administration has a lower rate of absorption than IM administration due to decreased blood flow compared to muscle.
Bioavailability
- Bioavailability refers to the percentage of an administered drug that is available for activity.
- For orally administered drugs, bioavailability is influenced by absorption and first-pass metabolism.
First-Pass Metabolism
- When oral drugs are absorbed from the GI tract, they pass through the portal vein to the liver before reaching systemic circulation.
- In the liver, some drugs are metabolized to an inactive form and excreted, reducing the amount of drug available for systemic circulation.
- This is known as the first-pass effect or first-pass metabolism.
Factors Affecting Bioavailability
- Drug form: The form of the drug (e.g., tablet, liquid) can affect its bioavailability.
- Route of administration: Different routes of administration (oral, IM, IV) can lead to varying bioavailability.
- Gastric mucosa and motility: The condition of the stomach lining and its ability to move contents can influence absorption.
- Administration with food and other drugs: Co-administration of food or other medications can impact drug absorption and bioavailability.
- Changes in liver metabolism: Conditions like liver dysfunction or reduced hepatic blood flow can affect drug metabolism and bioavailability.
Protein Binding of Drugs
- Many drugs bind to plasma proteins like albumin and lipoproteins.
- Highly protein-bound drugs are more than 90% bound to protein, while weakly protein-bound drugs are less than 10% bound.
- The portion of the drug bound to protein is inactive because it cannot interact with tissue receptors.
- The unbound portion of the drug is free and active, able to exit the bloodstream and reach its site of action.
Drug Interactions
- Additive drug effect: The combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects. This can be desirable or undesirable.
- Synergistic drug effect (potentiation): One drug enhances the effect of another drug, resulting in a combined effect greater than the sum of individual effects.
- Antagonistic drug effect: One drug reduces or blocks the effect of another drug.
Pharmacogenetics
- The study of how genetic factors influence an individual's response to specific drugs.
Placebo Effect
- A drug response not attributed to the chemical properties of the drug, but rather to psychological factors.
Ethnopharmacology
- Focuses on the use of herbs, powders, teas, and animal products as healing remedies in different cultures.
Commonly Used Herbal Remedies
- Astragalus: Used to boost the immune system.
- Chamomile: Used for sleeplessness, anxiety, and stomach/intestinal ailments.
- Cinnamon: Used for bronchitis, gastrointestinal problems, anorexia, and diabetes.
- Echinacea: Used for colds, flu, and infections.
- Garlic: Used to lower cholesterol, blood pressure, and reduce heart disease.
- Ginger: Used for nausea, motion sickness, and diarrhea.
- Ginkgo: Used for asthma, bronchitis, fatigue, and tinnitus.
- Ginseng: Used to boost the immune system, increase well-being, and increase stamina.
- Hawthorn: Used for the treatment of heart diseases.
- Licorice root: Used to treat stomach ulcers, bronchitis, sore throat, and viral hepatitis.
- Milk thistle: Used for cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, and gallbladder disorders.
- Peppermint: Used for nausea, indigestion, irritable bowel syndrome, colds, headaches, muscle and nerve pain.
Philippine National Drug Formulary
- Provides a list of essential drugs available in the Philippines.
- Aims to make quality essential drugs available, accessible, efficacious, safe, and affordable.
- Registered with FDA or Pharmacopoeia.
FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
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Responsible for regulating food and drugs in the Philippines.
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Established by RA#9711 (Food and Drug Administration Act of 2009).
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Aims to strengthen and rationalize the regulatory capacity of the BFAD (Bureau of Food and Drugs).
Universally Accessible Cheaper and Quality Medicines Act of 2008 (RA#9502)
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Policy of the state to protect public health by making cheaper and quality medicines accessible.
Drug Calculations
- Basic Formula: Amount to administer = desired dose x vehicle / drug on hand.
- Ratio & Proportion: Drug on hand : vehicle : : desired dose : x.
- Dimensional Analysis: Amount to administer = vehicle x desired dose / Drug on hand x.
- Young's Rule: Child's Dose = age in years x average adult dose / Child's age in years + 12.
- Clark's Rule: Child's Dose = weight of child in lbs x average adult dose / 150.
- Fried's Rule: Infant's Dose = Infant's age in months x average adult dose / 150 months.
- Body Weight: Patient's Dose = Drug Dose x Body Weight.
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Description
This quiz explores the mechanisms of medication absorption, including passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and pinocytosis. It also covers the differences in absorption rates for intramuscular and subcutaneous drug delivery methods, along with the concept of bioavailability. Test your knowledge on how various factors influence drug absorption!