Pharmacology 2 Overview

<p>Bind to and interfere with ribosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Demeclocycline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chloramphenicol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fanconi’s syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Azithromycin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macrolides and Tetracyclines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastrointestinal disturbances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photosensitivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastrointestinal ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of acetyltransferases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlamydia species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe infections caused by Salmonella species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipophilicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multidrug resistant gram-positive bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thrombocytopenia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is no cross-resistance with other protein synthesis inhibitors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Altered binding site affinity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It inhibits CYP3A4 activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Azithromycin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>H influenzae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastrointestinal irritation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clarithromycin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C difficile colitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits protein synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biliary excretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clarithromycin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatic dysfunction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clindamycin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methylation of the binding site on the 50S ribosomal subunit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prophylaxis of endocarditis in penicillin-allergic patients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythromycin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Telithromycin has a longer half-life than erythromycin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have longer antibacterial activity than the half-lives of the components (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pseudomembranous colitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease in circulating erythrocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyanosis in infants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interference with their absorption and activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Doxycycline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of efflux pumps (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formulated only for IV use (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribosomal protection proteins do not affect Tigecycline. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chloramphenicol inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by blocking the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosome's A site, preventing peptide bond formation.

Chloramphenicol has a wide range of activity against various bacteria, but is not effective against Chlamydia.

Bacterial resistance to chloramphenicol is often plasmid-mediated and involves the production of acetyltransferases that inactivate the drug.

Chloramphenicol is primarily used in severe infections due to potential toxicity and more suitable alternatives available.

Chloramphenicol toxicity can lead to gastrointestinal difficulties and potentially harmful superinfections, especially candidiasis.

Certain drugs hinder bacterial protein production by affecting ribosomes.

Ribosomes are comprised of two subunits (50S & 30S), where antibiotics target specific functions like protein synthesis.

Bacteriostatic antibiotics stop bacterial growth, while bactericidal ones kill bacteria.

Tetracycline absorption can be affected by foods and certain minerals like calcium, iron, and aluminum.

Doxycycline is mainly eliminated in feces, while other tetracyclines are primarily excreted in urine.

Tetracyclines are bacteriostatic antibiotics, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis by blocking the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosome's A site.

Resistance to most tetracyclines is common. Bacteria develop mechanisms like efflux pumps to kick out the drug or produce ribosomal protection proteins.

Tigecycline is a glycylcycline and a semisynthetic derivative of minocycline. It is formulated for IV use and has a longer half-life of 30–36 h.

Tetracyclines are effective against infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydiae, rickettsiae, vibrios, and some spirochetes.

Most tetracyclines are available as hydrochlorides, which are more soluble than free tetracyclines. They also chelate divalent metal ions, which can interfere with their absorption and activity.

Tetracyclines are considered alternative to macrolides in treating community-acquired pneumonia.

Tetracyclines are used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori.

Tigecycline, a glycylcycline derivative, has a broad spectrum of activity against bacteria resistant to standard tetracyclines, including MRSA and VRE.

Common side effects of tetracyclines include nausea, diarrhea, and potentially severe enterocolitis.

Fetal exposure to tetracyclines can lead to tooth enamel dysplasia and bone growth irregularities.

High doses of tetracyclines, particularly in pregnant patients and those with liver issues, can impair liver function and cause liver damage.

Tetracyclines can worsen existing kidney problems and contribute to Fanconi's syndrome, a type of kidney dysfunction.

Some tetracyclines, like demeclocycline, can make your skin more sensitive to sunlight.

Linezolid inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 23S ribosomal RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit, preventing protein formation.

Linezolid is effective against drug-resistant gram-positive bacteria, including MRSA, PRSP, and VRE. It also shows activity against L monocytogenes and corynebacteria.

Bacterial resistance to linezolid is rare, but when it occurs, it involves a decreased affinity of linezolid for its binding site on the ribosome.

Linezolid is reserved for infections caused by multidrug-resistant gram-positive bacteria. It's available in oral and intravenous formulations.

Linezolid can cause thrombocytopenia and neutropenia, especially in immunosuppressed patients. It can also interact with SSRIs, potentially leading to serotonin syndrome.

Erythromycin can increase the blood levels of other drugs by inhibiting the process that breaks them down in the liver.

Telithromycin is similar to Erythromycin in its mechanism of action and spectrum of activity, but it can work against some macrolide-resistant bacteria.

Telithromycin is used for pneumonia, including infections caused by bacteria that are resistant to many other antibiotics.

Clindamycin stops bacteria from making proteins by interfering with their ribosomes, similar to macrolides, but it's chemically different.

Bacteria can become resistant to Clindamycin by altering the part of the ribosome where the drug binds.

Clindamycin is helpful for severe infections caused by certain anaerobic bacteria, especially Bacteroides.

Quinupristin-dalfopristin is a combination of two streptogramins that kill bacteria and have a longer-lasting effect than either drug alone.

The combination of quinupristin and dalfopristin makes it effective against bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics.

Azithromycin is unique because it concentrates in body tissues and phagocytes, allowing it to target infections in these areas.

Most macrolides, like erythromycin and clarithromycin, are eliminated quickly from the body, while azithromycin has a much longer elimination half-life.

Erythromycin is effective against a wide range of bacteria, including Campylobacter, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Legionella, gram-positive cocci, and some gram-negative organisms.

Azithromycin and erythromycin have similar spectrums of activity, but azithromycin is more effective against certain bacteria like H. influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Neisseria.

Clarithromycin has an activity spectrum similar to erythromycin but is also effective against Chlamydia, Mycobacterium avium complex, and Toxoplasma.

Fidaxomicin is a narrow-spectrum macrolide that primarily targets gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, inhibiting their protein synthesis.

Fidaxomicin is effective in treating C. difficile colitis and may have a lower relapse rate compared to vancomycin.

Erythromycin, in particular, can cause gastrointestinal irritation, skin rashes, and eosinophilia. Hypersensitivity reactions, such as cholestatic hepatitis, can occur with erythromycin estolate.