Pharmacological and Morphological Drug Classifications
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a merit of pharmacological classification?

  • It correlates chemical constituents with therapy.
  • It distinguishes drug sources.
  • It helps in detecting adulteration.
  • It is the mostly followed method. (correct)

Morphological classification does correlate chemical constituents with therapeutic actions.

False (B)

What is a demerit of the taxonomical classification of drugs?

It does not correlate the chemical constituents and biological activity of the drugs.

Drugs like digitalis and squill are grouped together due to their ________ action.

<p>cardiotonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of classification is organized by the part of the plant used as a drug?

<p>Morphological classification (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Demerits of a classification method indicate its strengths.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one advantage of using morphological classification.

<p>It helps identify and detect adulteration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following classification types with their merits:

<p>Taxonomical = Helps in studying evolutionary developments Morphological = More helpful for practical study Pharmacological = Most relevant method Easy and quick use = Free from confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a pharmacological action of the drugs listed?

<p>Anticancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drugs with identical constituents must be classified into the same group.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one type of glycoside mentioned in the content.

<p>Cardiac Glycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

Digitalis and Squill are examples of __________ glycosides.

<p>cardiac</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should bark be collected?

<p>In spring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following groups of compounds with their examples:

<p>Alkaloids = Digitalis Glycosides = Aloe Carbohydrates = Honey Tannins = Amla</p> Signup and view all the answers

The water content of seeds is usually higher than that of roots and rhizomes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a demerit of pharmacological classification?

<p>Ambiguity in drug classification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of drying crude drugs?

<p>To preserve plant material</p> Signup and view all the answers

Saponins glycosides can be found in Quillaia and Glycyrrhiza.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary basis for the chemical classification of drugs?

<p>Chemical nature of their most important constituent</p> Signup and view all the answers

Medicinal plants are largely collected by ______.

<p>hand</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the drying methods with their descriptions:

<p>Natural drying = Accomplished by natural air in sun or shade Lyophilization = Frozen material is placed in an evacuated apparatus Chemical drying = Using desiccators to completely remove water Artificial drying = Done at well-controlled temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason for drying crude drugs?

<p>To boost color intensity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Improper storage methods do not lead to the deterioration of crude drugs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum temperature maintained during the lyophilization process?

<p>-80 °C</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a physiochemical reason for deterioration?

<p>Fungi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tinctures are prepared by concentrating the final product after extraction.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred alcohol/water ratio for the extraction of leaves or aerial green parts?

<p>1:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ is the solvent of choice for obtaining classic extracts such as tinctures.

<p>ethyl alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the extraction methods with their descriptions:

<p>Infusion = Soaking plant material in hot water Maceration = Soaking in a solvent to extract compounds Decoction = Boiling plant material in water Distillation = Separating based on differences in boiling points</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of an ideal solvent for extraction ensures it does not react with the extracted compound?

<p>No interaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biological reasons for deterioration include moisture and air.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do enzymes within a cell primarily do?

<p>Digest nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of chemotaxonomy?

<p>Chemical constituents of plants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cultivated medicinal plants provide less uniform quality compared to those collected from the wild.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one advantage of cultivating medicinal plants.

<p>Improved collection and transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tropane alkaloids serve as a __________ marker among plants in the Solanaceae family.

<p>chemotaxonomic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT adversely affect the cultivation of medicinal plants?

<p>Controlled irrigation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what altitude is tea favorably cultivated?

<p>1000-2000 meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

Collection of wild herbs has fewer challenges compared to cultivation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the medicinal plants with their corresponding cultivation altitudes:

<p>Tea = 1000-2000 meters Cinnamon = 500-1000 meters Senna = Sea level Cinchona = 1000-2000 meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about alkaloids is true?

<p>Alkaloids primarily come from amino acids present in plant sources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All alkaloids have a nitrogen atom in a heterocyclic ring.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one class of alkaloids that does not include nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring.

<p>Proto Alkaloids</p> Signup and view all the answers

The alkaloids caffeine and xanthine are classified as __________ alkaloids.

<p>Pseudo</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the alkaloid examples to their respective types:

<p>Quinine = True Alkaloid Phenylalanine = Proto Alkaloid Caffeine = Pseudo Alkaloid Colchicine = True Alkaloid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant family is known for being rich in alkaloids?

<p>Solanaceae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alkaloids only serve as a source of nitrogen in plants.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the color of the precipitate formed when Dragendorff's reagent is used in a qualitative test for alkaloids?

<p>Orange</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Source-based Classification

A method of organizing drugs based on their origin from plants, animals, or minerals.

Morphological Classification

Categorizes drugs by their physical form, such as leaves, roots, or seeds.

Pharmacological Classification

Organizes drugs based on their common therapeutic actions, grouping drugs with similar effects together.

Taxonomical Classification

A classification system that organizes drugs based on the evolutionary relationships between different types of plants.

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Organized Drugs

Drugs that have a distinct cellular structure, such as leaves, roots, or bark.

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Unorganized Drugs

Drugs that lack a distinct cellular structure, like gums and resins.

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Taxonomical Classification Merit

A benefit of taxonomical classification is that it helps us understand the evolutionary development of drugs.

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Source-based Classification Demerit

A drawback of source-based classification is that it doesn't help determine the origin of the drug (plant, animal, or mineral).

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Chemotaxonomy

Using the chemical composition of plants to understand their taxonomic relationships and evolution.

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Chemotaxonomic markers

Chemical compounds specific to certain plant families, used as markers for identification.

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Wild Source

Collecting medicinal plants directly from their natural habitats.

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Cultivation

Cultivating plants specifically for medicinal use, offering better control and quality.

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Altitude effect on medicinal plants

Altitude (height above sea level) significantly impacts the growth and quality of medicinal plants.

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Temperature effect on medicinal plants

Excessive heat can negatively impact the quality and medicinal properties of plants.

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Frost effect on medicinal plants

Frost can damage or kill specific medicinal plants.

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Climate effect on Medicinal Plants

The ideal climate for growing medicinal plants, often with specific temperature and humidity requirements.

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Chemical Classification

A system of classifying drugs based on their chemical composition, mainly focusing on the most important constituent.

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Tannins

Complex organic compounds derived from polyhydroxy benzoic acids, often found in plants.

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Glycosides

Compounds that yield one or more sugars (glycone) and a non-sugar (aglycone) upon hydrolysis.

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Alkaloids

Natural, nitrogenous compounds produced by plants, often having significant pharmacological effects.

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Tropane Alkaloids

A type of alkaloid found in several plants, including belladonna, datura, and hyoscyamus.

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Chemotaxonomical Classification

A way of classifying plants based on their chemical similarities, often sharing a common ancestor.

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Carbohydrates

Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones with an unbroken chain of carbon atoms, forming a major group of carbohydrates.

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Mucilages

Sticky plant substances that form a gel when mixed with water, frequently used in medicinal preparations.

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Drying of crude drugs

The process of removing excess water from plant material, which helps preserve the plant's properties and prevents spoilage.

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Flowers

Collected when fully developed, ensuring they have reached their peak in terms of medicinal properties.

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Drying methods

The method used to remove excess water from the plant material.

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Seeds

Plant parts with the lowest percentage of water, typically containing only 5-10% water.

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Lyophilization (Freeze drying)

The process of removing excess water from plant material by placing it in a frozen state and then subjecting it to a vacuum environment. This method effectively removes water without damaging heat-sensitive compounds.

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Storage of crude drugs

A method used to preserve plant material by removing excess water from it. It involves storing the plant material in a dry environment, often in sealed containers to prevent moisture absorption.

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Bark

Collected in the spring, when the bark is at its peak in terms of medicinal properties.

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Water content of living plants

The amount of water present in a living plant material. It varies depending on the plant part, with leaves and rhizomes having the highest percentage of water.

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Extraction of Crude Drugs

The process of extracting valuable compounds from plant materials using a suitable solvent.

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Ideal Solvent Properties

The ideal solvent for extracting a specific compound should be highly selective, unreactive with the compound and other plant components, inexpensive, safe for humans and the environment, and easily evaporated.

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Ethanol: Preferred Solvent

Ethanol is often preferred for making extracts like tinctures, as it effectively dissolves many bioactive compounds and is safe for human use.

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Water in Ethanol Extraction

Water is added to ethanol during extraction to swell plant particles, increase cell wall porosity, and facilitate the diffusion of extracted substances into the solvent.

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Maceration

A method of extracting plant material by soaking it in a solvent for an extended period, allowing dissolved compounds to diffuse into the solvent.

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Percolation

A technique where a solvent is continuously passed through a bed of plant material, maximizing extraction efficiency.

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Cellular Energy Source

The energy required for the metabolic activities of a cell comes from the breakdown of nutrients, facilitated by enzymes.

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Cellular Enzyme Production

Enzymes, which catalyze metabolic reactions, are produced within the cell by cell organelles, allowing for the efficient processing of nutrients and the removal of waste products.

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What are alkaloids?

Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring organic compounds found in plants and some animals. They are generally alkaline (basic) in nature due to the presence of nitrogen atoms.

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What are true alkaloids?

True alkaloids contain a heterocyclic ring (a ring with at least one nitrogen atom) and are derived from amino acids.

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What are proto alkaloids?

Proto alkaloids lack the defining heterocyclic ring with nitrogen, although they still are found naturally in plants.

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What are pseudo alkaloids?

Pseudo alkaloids have a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring, but they are not derived from amino acids. They can be found in both plants and animals.

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Why do plants produce alkaloids?

Alkaloids often act as a defense mechanism for plants, making them unappealing or even toxic to insects and herbivores.

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What is an exception to the basic nature of alkaloids?

Some alkaloids, like colchicine and piperine, are not actually basic, meaning they don't have a pH above 7. This goes against the general definition of alkaloids.

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What is a deviation from the nitrogen presence in alkaloids?

Some alkaloids, like ephedrine and colchicine, don't have their nitrogen atom within a heterocyclic ring, contradicting the common characteristic of alkaloids.

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Where are alkaloids found in plants?

Alkaloids can be found in various parts of plants, including bark, seeds, roots, and even latex. This makes their extraction and use more complex.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Pharmacognosy

  • Pharmacognosy is the study of drugs derived from natural sources.
  • It involves the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical, and biological properties of drugs.
  • It also encompasses the search for new drugs from natural sources.
  • Pharmacognosy does not include synthetic drugs.

Definition of Crude Drugs

  • Crude drugs are products from plants, animals, and minerals in raw form.
  • They're used to treat various ailments.
  • Major natural drug sources include higher plants, microbes, animals, and marine organisms.
  • These also include minerals that carry both organic and inorganic properties.

Classification of Crude Drugs

  • Classification is essential for the scientific study of crude drugs.
  • Classification methods should be simple, easy to use, and free from confusion.
  • Different crude drug classification methods include alphabetical, taxonomical, morphological, pharmacological, chemical, and chemotaxonomical classifications.

Alphabetical Classification

  • Crude drugs are arranged alphabetically according to their Latin and English names.
  • Examples include Acacia, Benzoin, Cinchona, Dill, Ergot, Fennel, Gentian, Hyoscyamus, Ipecacuanha, Jalap, etc.
  • This method is commonly used, allowing for easy search and quick reference.
  • However, it does not distinguish the source's origin (plant, animal, or mineral).

Taxonomical Classification

  • This system classifies crude drugs based on phylogenetic similarities in plants, their division, class, family, genus, and species.
  • It's helpful for understanding evolutionary relationships among plants.
  • This method doesn't directly link chemical constituents to biological activity.

Morphological Classification

  • Crude drugs are categorized based on the parts used as drugs, such as leaves, stem, roots, bark, flower, fruit, and seeds.
  • This method distinguishes organized drugs (with cellular structure:leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, etc.) and unorganized drugs (without cellular structure: juices, latex, resins, fixed oils, waxes, gums, and mucilage, etc.).
  • It's generally practical for identifying and detecting adulteration.
  • However, it doesn't correlate chemical constituents with their therapeutic actions.

Pharmacological Classification

  • Crude drugs are classified based on their pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses.
  • This classification is more relevant and commonly followed, grouping drugs with similar actions together.
  • Examples include drugs like digitalis, squill, and strophanthus, known for their cardiotonic actions.

Chemical Classification

  • Crude drugs are grouped based on the chemical nature of their primary constituents.
  • This considers the chemical nature's therapeutic significance.
  • Examples of chemical groups include carbohydrates (sugars), gums, mucilages, and others (such as starch, honey, agar, pectin, and cotton).

Glycosides

  • Glycosides are compounds yielding one or more sugars upon hydrolysis.
  • Subtypes include anthraquinone, cardiac, and saponins glycosides.

Tannins

  • Tannins are complex organic, non-nitrogenous, polyhydroxy benzoic acid derivatives.
  • They can be classified as true tannins, with high molecular weight and positive gold beater's skin test, or condensed tannins, with lower molecular weight.

Alkaloids

  • Alkaloids are nitrogenous, plant-derived compounds.
  • They're often basic.
  • They contain nitrogen atoms, usually in a heterocyclic ring.
  • Examples include alkaloids like caffeine, quinine, nicotine, and morphine.

Chemotaxonomical Classification

  • This method links chemical similarity and evolutionary relationships among plants.
  • It relies on the presence of specific chemical constituents that typically characterize certain classes of plants, helping understand their relationships and evolution.

Cultivation, Collection, Drying, and Storage of Crude Drugs

  • Cultivating herbs offers consistent supply, quality control, and ease in collection.
  • Various factors influence cultivation, including altitude, temperature, humidity, rainfall, soil fertility, and pest control.
  • Crude drug collection times are crucial to ensure the desired quality and active constituents.
  • Collection at specific times (e.g., during flowering stage for leaves) and stages of growth offers better quality.
  • Proper drying methods (e.g., natural or artificial drying) prevent spoilage and ensure optimal preservation.
  • Store the dried plants in airtight containers.

Environmental Factors Affecting Cultivation

  • Temperature plays a role in the quality and health of plants.
  • Rainfall supports most plants, but certain xerophytic plants can survive with less.
  • Soil type is critical for a plant's growth.

Chemical Tests for Tannins and Alkaloids

  • Different tests are used in the identification of tannins and alkaloids.
  • These tests use reagents like Vanillin hydrochloride, Potassium Bismuth Iodide, and others to produce specific colors.

Factors Affecting the Collection

  • Time of year: plant constituent amounts might vary throughout the year in terms of quantity and quality.
  • Time of day: the active constituent amount may vary during different times of the day, mainly in the afternoon.

Methods of Extraction for Crude Drugs

  • Extraction techniques like infusion, maceration, percolation, digestion, distillation, and others yield different types of extracts.
  • The ideal solvent choice should selectively extract the target compound, with minimal effect on the compound or other plant materials, and be easy to obtain.
    • Ethanol is often used, with water adjustments, as a solvent.

Cell Content in Plants

  • Plant cells contain various protoplasmic components
  • Non-protoplasmic components include starch, crystals, alkaloids, oils, proteins, tannins.

Storage of Crude Drugs

  • Store crude drugs in airtight containers.
  • Proper storage avoids deterioration from moisture, heat, air, light, or biological contamination (e.g., insects and rodents).

Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Medicinal Plants

  • Crude drugs are processed into extracts, tinctures, and other solutions.
  • Extracts represent the plant's soluble constituents extracted with a chosen solvent.
  • Ethanol is a common extraction solvent according to standard pharmacopoeias.

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