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Questions and Answers
Which dosage form of a drug is typically absorbed the quickest?
Which dosage form of a drug is typically absorbed the quickest?
Which route of administration has no absorption process?
Which route of administration has no absorption process?
In passive diffusion, which concentration gradient favors drug absorption?
In passive diffusion, which concentration gradient favors drug absorption?
Which factor does NOT modify the absorption of drugs?
Which factor does NOT modify the absorption of drugs?
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What is a characteristic of drugs administered by the IM route compared to the oral route?
What is a characteristic of drugs administered by the IM route compared to the oral route?
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What does pharmacokinetics primarily study?
What does pharmacokinetics primarily study?
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What is the process of liberation in pharmacokinetics?
What is the process of liberation in pharmacokinetics?
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Which term describes the process of a substance entering the blood circulation?
Which term describes the process of a substance entering the blood circulation?
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What is meant by distribution in pharmacokinetics?
What is meant by distribution in pharmacokinetics?
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Which process involves the irreversible transformation of compounds?
Which process involves the irreversible transformation of compounds?
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Which of the following dosage forms does not undergo the release process?
Which of the following dosage forms does not undergo the release process?
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What does excretion refer to in the context of pharmacokinetics?
What does excretion refer to in the context of pharmacokinetics?
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Which of these processes directly follows liberation?
Which of these processes directly follows liberation?
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What is the primary barrier to drug absorption in oral administration?
What is the primary barrier to drug absorption in oral administration?
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Which route of administration has the fastest onset of action?
Which route of administration has the fastest onset of action?
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What factor negatively influences the absorption of drugs taken orally?
What factor negatively influences the absorption of drugs taken orally?
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In the parenteral administration route, what is a disadvantage associated with this method?
In the parenteral administration route, what is a disadvantage associated with this method?
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Which statement about topical administration is true?
Which statement about topical administration is true?
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What is the role of bioavailability in drug absorption?
What is the role of bioavailability in drug absorption?
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Which factor enhances absorption when using the oral route?
Which factor enhances absorption when using the oral route?
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How does subcutaneous administration compare to intramuscular administration in terms of absorption speed?
How does subcutaneous administration compare to intramuscular administration in terms of absorption speed?
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What does bioavailability (F) specifically represent in pharmacology?
What does bioavailability (F) specifically represent in pharmacology?
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Which factor is least likely to affect the bioavailability of a drug?
Which factor is least likely to affect the bioavailability of a drug?
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How is the absolute bioavailability for an orally administered drug most accurately determined?
How is the absolute bioavailability for an orally administered drug most accurately determined?
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What does the Area Under the Curve (AUC) represent in pharmacokinetics?
What does the Area Under the Curve (AUC) represent in pharmacokinetics?
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Which of the following statements about IV bioavailability is correct?
Which of the following statements about IV bioavailability is correct?
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Study Notes
Pharmacokinetics
- Pharmacokinetics is the study of how the body interacts with a drug over time. It includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Liberation
- Liberation is the release of a drug from its formulation.
- Drugs in solutions do not require liberation, while other forms, like tablets or capsules, need to dissolve for absorption.
Absorption
- Absorption is the process by which a drug enters the bloodstream.
- The drug must cross biological membranes, influenced by factors like solubility, concentration, absorption surface area, blood flow at the site of administration, and the route of administration.
Factors Affecting Absorption
- Drug concentration: More concentrated solutions are absorbed faster than diluted ones.
- Dosage form: Solutions are absorbed faster than capsules or tablets. Smaller particles lead to better absorption.
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Routes of administration:
- Immediate or direct: Drugs reach their target directly, bypassing any alteration.
- Mediate or indirect: Drugs are absorbed through skin or mucous membranes, and may undergo alteration.
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Administration route characteristics:
- Intravenous (IV): Fastest, immediate action, 100% bioavailability, no absorption process.
- Intramuscular (IM): Faster than oral, several minutes to start.
- Subcutaneous (SC): Slower than IM due to less vascularization, several minutes to start.
- Oral: Most common, 30-60 minutes to start, absorption depends on factors like lipiphilicity, stomach emptiness, acidity, and particle size.
- Sublingual: Several minutes to start, avoids first-pass metabolism.
- Rectal: 15-30 minutes, good for drugs that irritate the stomach.
- Topical: 1 hour to start, systemic absorption depends on drug lipophility.
Bioavailability
- Bioavailability (F) represents the fraction of a drug that enters the bloodstream in its active form.
- IV administration has 100% bioavailability. Other routes have lower bioavailability.
- Bioavailability is influenced by absorption, distribution, and metabolism.
- Bioavailability is measured by calculating the Area Under the Curve (AUC).
Area Under the Curve (AUC)
- AUC is a measure of the total amount of plasma drug over time, after IV or non-IV administration.
Absolute Bioavailability
- Absolute bioavailability compares the bioavailability of non-IV routes to IV administration.
- It is dose-normalized.
- F=1 for IV administration.
- Other routes have F values less than 1, reflecting the portion of the drug that reaches the bloodstream.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of pharmacokinetics, including liberation, absorption, and the factors that affect drug absorption. Test your understanding of how drugs interact with the body over time and the various stages involved in this process.
