Pharmacokinetics Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are the four stages of pharmacokinetics?

  • Absorption, Distribution, Elimination, Transformation
  • Absorption, Distribution, Respiratory, Excretion
  • Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion (correct)
  • Administration, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion

Which route of administration involves delivering medication through the gastrointestinal tract?

  • Rectal
  • Subcutaneous
  • Oral (correct)
  • Inhalation

How does plasma protein influence the distribution of medications?

  • Lower protein levels can increase side effects (correct)
  • Medications are distributed only in the lungs
  • Protein levels have no impact on medicine distribution
  • Higher protein levels decrease side effects

What is the pharmacological term for the breakdown of a drug molecule?

<p>Metabolism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect can dehydration have on drug delivery?

<p>It decreases blood flow and delivery of medication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common factor that can decrease albumin levels in the blood?

<p>Malnutrition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which route of medication administration is administered via a patch?

<p>Transdermal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which the body eliminates waste products from medications?

<p>Excretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of substances can typically cross the blood-brain barrier?

<p>Lipids or substances with carriers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary organ responsible for the metabolism of drugs in the body?

<p>Liver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step involved in the metabolism of orally administered drugs?

<p>First pass effect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the function of a drug antagonist at a receptor site?

<p>Blocks a specific action or response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of medication mentioned?

<p>Dietary Restrictions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the excretion process, what role do kidneys primarily play?

<p>Filter and reabsorb substances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it crucial to consult a healthcare provider regarding medication safety during pregnancy?

<p>Certain medications can adversely affect the placenta (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the effective duration of a drug's impact on the body?

<p>Pharmacodynamics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be assessed before administering a medication to ensure its appropriateness?

<p>Cultural or social determinants that may affect medication use (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical step to take if a high-alert medication is being administered?

<p>Implement a second RN check as recommended (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action should be taken if a medication error occurs?

<p>File an incident report and participate in root cause analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the 5 rights that must be checked before administering medication?

<p>Right patient and right medication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if a patient requires modifications to use their medication safely?

<p>Notify the provider and implement appropriate accommodations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the onset of medication refer to?

<p>When the medication first begins to take effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the peak of a medication?

<p>The maximum concentration of medication in the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reflects the therapeutic window of a medication?

<p>The dose range where the drug is safe and effective (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a peak and trough level in medicine?

<p>Peak is at the maximum blood concentration, while trough is at the lowest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the therapeutic index of a drug defined?

<p>Comparison of therapeutic effects versus toxic effects of a drug (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes adverse effects from side effects of a drug?

<p>Adverse effects are severe and unpredictable, side effects are known (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Black Box Warning?

<p>A notice about serious or life-threatening risks associated with a drug (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which schedule includes substances with no currently accepted medical use and high potential for abuse?

<p>Schedule I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding Schedule II drugs?

<p>They may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drugs are classified as Schedule III?

<p>Tylenol with codeine and anabolic steroids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential for abuse of Schedule IV drugs?

<p>Minimal potential for abuse or dependence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is NOT a Schedule V drug?

<p>Ambien (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What actions can nurses take to improve medication safety?

<p>Reduce distractions during medication preparation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the principles of safe medication administration nurses should maintain?

<p>Perform cross-checks with colleagues when appropriate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substances fall under Schedule I?

<p>Methamphetamine and cocaine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the abuse potential of Schedule V drugs?

<p>It is lower than Schedule IV drugs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered before administering medication to ensure ethical standards are met?

<p>If the patient has been informed about the medication's risks and benefits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which guideline should be followed to address medication errors and safety concerns?

<p>Documenting and advocating for accurate reporting and error resolution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be verified regarding controlled substances prior to administration?

<p>That guidelines for counting, wasting, and disposal are followed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action should be taken if there are ethical concerns about a patient's medication?

<p>Advocate for patient rights and involve the proper chain of command. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a medication transition of care, what is essential to complete?

<p>Completing proper medication reconciliation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific information must be included in the prescription/order if following CMS guidelines?

<p>Proper information confirming the treatment plan. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a responsibility when encountering signs of drug diversion among team members?

<p>Following up appropriately in the chain of command. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sets of guidelines should be followed if medication administration involves potential error risks?

<p>The Joint Commission ‘SPEAK UP’ guidelines. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pharmacokinetics

The study of how drugs move throughout the body, encompassing absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

Absorption

The process of a drug entering the bloodstream from its administration site.

Distribution

The distribution of a drug throughout the body, reaching its target site.

Metabolism

The breakdown of a drug molecule into smaller components, usually in the liver.

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Excretion

The elimination of drug waste products from the body, typically through urine or feces.

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Pharmacodynamics

The study of how drugs affect the body and their mechanisms of action.

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Drug-receptor affinity

The strength of a drug's binding to its target site, influencing its effectiveness.

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Protein-binding

A factor affecting drug distribution; albumin levels can be reduced by malnutrition or liver disease, impacting drug effectiveness.

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Therapeutic Window

The range of drug doses that produces therapeutic effects without causing significant adverse effects.

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Peak Drug Level

The maximum concentration of a drug in the body, usually when the therapeutic effect is strongest.

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Trough Drug Level

The lowest concentration of a drug in the body, usually measured right before the next dose is given.

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Therapeutic Index

A measure of a drug's relative safety. It compares the dose that produces a therapeutic effect to the dose that causes toxicity.

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Potency

Indicates the strength of a drug, specifically how much is needed to produce a desired effect.

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Selectivity

A drug's tendency to target specific cells and produce the intended therapeutic effect.

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Side Effect

Effects of a medication that are different from the intended therapeutic effects. Generally predictable and anticipated.

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Adverse Effect

Unpredictable, serious medication effects that are not anticipated and often require discontinuation of the medication.

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Blood-Brain Barrier

The barrier between the bloodstream and the brain, controlling what enters and exits the brain. Only lipid-soluble medications or those with carriers can pass through.

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Placental Barrier

Limits the passage of certain substances between the mother's bloodstream and the fetus. Consult a healthcare professional for medication safety during pregnancy.

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Drug Metabolism

The body's process of breaking down drugs, primarily in the liver. Two steps are involved: first-pass effect (initial breakdown in gut and liver) and further metabolism.

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Drug Excretion

The final stage of medication interaction, where the body eliminates drug metabolites through urine, feces, or bile. The kidneys play a major role in filtering the bloodstream.

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Drug Agonist

A drug that binds to a receptor and produces a desired effect. Activates a specific response.

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Drug Antagonist

A drug that blocks or inhibits the action of another molecule at a receptor site. Prevents a specific response.

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Onset, Peak, and Duration (Medication Effects)

The time it takes for a medication to start working, reach its maximum effect, and maintain that effect. Dosing influences these factors.

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Medication Evaluation

The process of evaluating a patient for potential side effects and therapeutic effects of medication, including documenting findings and sharing information during handoff reports.

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Incident Report

A formal record of an error that includes detailed information about the event, contributing factors, and steps taken to prevent recurrence.

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Root Cause Analysis

A process of investigation and analysis to identify the root causes of an error, aiming to implement preventative measures.

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5 Rights of Medication

The 5 Rights of Medication Administration: Right Patient, Right Drug, Right Dose, Right Route, Right Time.

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Medication Order

An official document that outlines the specific instructions for administering a medication, including the route, dosage, and frequency.

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Schedule II drugs

Drugs with the highest potential for abuse and addiction, considered dangerous, and likely to lead to severe dependence.

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Schedule III drugs

Drugs with moderate to low potential for dependence. Their abuse potential is less than Schedule I and II, but more than Schedule IV.

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Schedule IV drugs

Drugs with low potential for abuse and a low risk of dependence. Their abuse potential is less than Schedule II and III drugs.

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Schedule V drugs

Drugs with the lowest potential for abuse compared to other schedules. They often contain limited quantities of certain narcotics and are generally used for specific purposes like stopping diarrhea or coughs.

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Checking the Medication Order

Ensuring the medication order is accurate, complete, and meets CMS guidelines before administering medication. This might involve checking for the patient's name, date of birth, medication name, dosage, route, frequency, and duration.

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FDA Black Box Warning

A warning issued by the FDA regarding serious or potentially life-threatening risks associated with a drug, especially for rare but significant side effects. It necessitates a discussion with the patient about these specific risks.

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Controlled Substance

A medication that is controlled by the government due to its potential for abuse or addiction. Special regulations govern storage, disposal, and documentation.

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Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP)

A program that monitors prescription drug usage to prevent and detect medication misuse or diversion. It helps healthcare providers identify patients at risk for drug abuse.

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Addressing Drug Diversion

Recognizing and reporting any potential signs of drug diversion, such as missing medication, tampering with medication, or unusual requests for medication by healthcare professionals.

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Medication Reconciliation

The process of ensuring that a patient's medication list is accurate and complete when transferring care from one setting to another, such as from hospital to home or from one unit to another. This helps prevent medication errors during transitions.

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Scope of Practice

Assessing whether administering a specific medication aligns with your scope of practice and relevant state regulations before providing care. It ensures you are acting within your authorized professional boundaries.

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Beneficence and Non-Maleficence

An ethical framework that helps assess whether medication use will provide more benefits than risks to a patient. It involves considering the patient's individual needs, values, and preferences.

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Study Notes

Pharmacokinetics

  • Pharmacokinetics describes the stages of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in the body.
  • Drugs are medications or substances that have a physiological effect.
  • Four stages: absorption (from site of administration into circulation), distribution (throughout the body), metabolism (breakdown of drug molecule), and excretion (elimination of waste).

Absorption

  • Absorption is when medications enter the body and move through circulation.
  • Common routes include oral, enteral (e.g., NG tube), rectal, inhalation, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and transdermal.

Distribution

  • Distribution is how medications are spread throughout the body.
  • Blood flow factors affect delivery: reduced flow (dehydration), blocked vessels (atherosclerosis), constricted vessels (hypertension), weakened heart.
  • Protein binding is important for distribution. Albumin is a key plasma protein; decreased levels can influence medication effects. Multiple highly protein-bound medications can increase side effects.

Metabolism

  • Metabolism is the breakdown of a drug molecule, primarily in the liver.
  • First pass effect is oral drug metabolism in liver and intestines.

Excretion

  • Excretion is the elimination of waste from the body, often through kidneys, liver, and lungs.
  • Remaining parent drugs and metabolites are filtered by the kidneys, with some reabsorbed and some excreted in urine.
  • Liver excretes waste through bile.

Medication Safety

  • Therapeutic window: range of doses where treatment is safest and most effective.
  • Peak and trough levels: measurement of drug concentration in bloodstream to assess treatment efficacy.
  • Peak level: highest concentration after administration.
  • Trough level: lowest concentration right before next dose.
  • Therapeutic index measures a drug's relative safety; ratio of therapeutic dose to toxic dose.

Medication Types

  • Prescription
  • Generic
  • Over-the-counter
  • Herbal/supplements

Medication Effects

  • Onset: time it takes for drug to start working.
  • Peak: maximum drug concentration in the body.
  • Duration: length of time drug produces effect.

Other Considerations

  • Blood-brain barrier: only certain drugs can cross.
  • Placental barrier: medications administered to pregnant patients should be carefully considered.

  • Scheduled medications have varying potential for abuse.

    • Schedule I: no accepted medical use, high potential for abuse (heroin, LSD)
    • Schedule II: high potential for abuse, dependence (oxycodone, fentanyl)
    • Schedule III: moderate/low potential for abuse/dependence (Tylenol with codeine).
    • Schedule IV: low potential for abuse/dependence (Xanax, Valium).
    • Schedule V: lower potential for abuse, (cough suppressants, anti-diarrheal)

  • Black box warnings: FDA alerts about serious risks associated with prescribed drugs.

  • Ethical considerations include: whether the drug does more good than harm; patient/family input in decision making; and ethical concerns for advocacy of patient autonomy (legal issues).

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Related Documents

Pharmacology Exam Study Guide PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on pharmacokinetics, the process that describes how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body. This quiz will cover the four key stages and their significance in medication therapy. Enhance your understanding of drug action and patient care.

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