Pharmacokinetics Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are the four stages of pharmacokinetics?

  • Absorption, Distribution, Elimination, Transformation
  • Absorption, Distribution, Respiratory, Excretion
  • Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion (correct)
  • Administration, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion

    • Which route of administration involves delivering medication through the gastrointestinal tract?

  • Rectal
  • Subcutaneous
  • Oral (correct)
  • Inhalation

    • How does plasma protein influence the distribution of medications?

  • Lower protein levels can increase side effects (correct)
  • Medications are distributed only in the lungs
  • Protein levels have no impact on medicine distribution
  • Higher protein levels decrease side effects

    • What is the pharmacological term for the breakdown of a drug molecule?

    <p>Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can dehydration have on drug delivery?

    <p>It decreases blood flow and delivery of medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common factor that can decrease albumin levels in the blood?

    <p>Malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of medication administration is administered via a patch?

    <p>Transdermal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which the body eliminates waste products from medications?

    <p>Excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of substances can typically cross the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>Lipids or substances with carriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary organ responsible for the metabolism of drugs in the body?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step involved in the metabolism of orally administered drugs?

    <p>First pass effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the function of a drug antagonist at a receptor site?

    <p>Blocks a specific action or response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of medication mentioned?

    <p>Dietary Restrictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the excretion process, what role do kidneys primarily play?

    <p>Filter and reabsorb substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial to consult a healthcare provider regarding medication safety during pregnancy?

    <p>Certain medications can adversely affect the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the effective duration of a drug's impact on the body?

    <p>Pharmacodynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be assessed before administering a medication to ensure its appropriateness?

    <p>Cultural or social determinants that may affect medication use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical step to take if a high-alert medication is being administered?

    <p>Implement a second RN check as recommended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action should be taken if a medication error occurs?

    <p>File an incident report and participate in root cause analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the 5 rights that must be checked before administering medication?

    <p>Right patient and right medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if a patient requires modifications to use their medication safely?

    <p>Notify the provider and implement appropriate accommodations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the onset of medication refer to?

    <p>When the medication first begins to take effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the peak of a medication?

    <p>The maximum concentration of medication in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reflects the therapeutic window of a medication?

    <p>The dose range where the drug is safe and effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a peak and trough level in medicine?

    <p>Peak is at the maximum blood concentration, while trough is at the lowest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the therapeutic index of a drug defined?

    <p>Comparison of therapeutic effects versus toxic effects of a drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes adverse effects from side effects of a drug?

    <p>Adverse effects are severe and unpredictable, side effects are known</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Black Box Warning?

    <p>A notice about serious or life-threatening risks associated with a drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which schedule includes substances with no currently accepted medical use and high potential for abuse?

    <p>Schedule I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding Schedule II drugs?

    <p>They may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drugs are classified as Schedule III?

    <p>Tylenol with codeine and anabolic steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential for abuse of Schedule IV drugs?

    <p>Minimal potential for abuse or dependence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is NOT a Schedule V drug?

    <p>Ambien</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What actions can nurses take to improve medication safety?

    <p>Reduce distractions during medication preparation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the principles of safe medication administration nurses should maintain?

    <p>Perform cross-checks with colleagues when appropriate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substances fall under Schedule I?

    <p>Methamphetamine and cocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the abuse potential of Schedule V drugs?

    <p>It is lower than Schedule IV drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered before administering medication to ensure ethical standards are met?

    <p>If the patient has been informed about the medication's risks and benefits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which guideline should be followed to address medication errors and safety concerns?

    <p>Documenting and advocating for accurate reporting and error resolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be verified regarding controlled substances prior to administration?

    <p>That guidelines for counting, wasting, and disposal are followed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action should be taken if there are ethical concerns about a patient's medication?

    <p>Advocate for patient rights and involve the proper chain of command.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a medication transition of care, what is essential to complete?

    <p>Completing proper medication reconciliation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific information must be included in the prescription/order if following CMS guidelines?

    <p>Proper information confirming the treatment plan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a responsibility when encountering signs of drug diversion among team members?

    <p>Following up appropriately in the chain of command.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sets of guidelines should be followed if medication administration involves potential error risks?

    <p>The Joint Commission ‘SPEAK UP’ guidelines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharmacokinetics

    • Pharmacokinetics describes the stages of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in the body.
    • Drugs are medications or substances that have a physiological effect.
    • Four stages: absorption (from site of administration into circulation), distribution (throughout the body), metabolism (breakdown of drug molecule), and excretion (elimination of waste).

    Absorption

    • Absorption is when medications enter the body and move through circulation.
    • Common routes include oral, enteral (e.g., NG tube), rectal, inhalation, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and transdermal.

    Distribution

    • Distribution is how medications are spread throughout the body.
    • Blood flow factors affect delivery: reduced flow (dehydration), blocked vessels (atherosclerosis), constricted vessels (hypertension), weakened heart.
    • Protein binding is important for distribution. Albumin is a key plasma protein; decreased levels can influence medication effects. Multiple highly protein-bound medications can increase side effects.

    Metabolism

    • Metabolism is the breakdown of a drug molecule, primarily in the liver.
    • First pass effect is oral drug metabolism in liver and intestines.

    Excretion

    • Excretion is the elimination of waste from the body, often through kidneys, liver, and lungs.
    • Remaining parent drugs and metabolites are filtered by the kidneys, with some reabsorbed and some excreted in urine.
    • Liver excretes waste through bile.

    Medication Safety

    • Therapeutic window: range of doses where treatment is safest and most effective.
    • Peak and trough levels: measurement of drug concentration in bloodstream to assess treatment efficacy.
    • Peak level: highest concentration after administration.
    • Trough level: lowest concentration right before next dose.
    • Therapeutic index measures a drug's relative safety; ratio of therapeutic dose to toxic dose.

    Medication Types

    • Prescription
    • Generic
    • Over-the-counter
    • Herbal/supplements

    Medication Effects

    • Onset: time it takes for drug to start working.
    • Peak: maximum drug concentration in the body.
    • Duration: length of time drug produces effect.

    Other Considerations

    • Blood-brain barrier: only certain drugs can cross.
    • Placental barrier: medications administered to pregnant patients should be carefully considered.

    • Scheduled medications have varying potential for abuse.

      • Schedule I: no accepted medical use, high potential for abuse (heroin, LSD)
      • Schedule II: high potential for abuse, dependence (oxycodone, fentanyl)
      • Schedule III: moderate/low potential for abuse/dependence (Tylenol with codeine).
      • Schedule IV: low potential for abuse/dependence (Xanax, Valium).
      • Schedule V: lower potential for abuse, (cough suppressants, anti-diarrheal)

    • Black box warnings: FDA alerts about serious risks associated with prescribed drugs.

    • Ethical considerations include: whether the drug does more good than harm; patient/family input in decision making; and ethical concerns for advocacy of patient autonomy (legal issues).

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    Related Documents

    Pharmacology Exam Study Guide PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on pharmacokinetics, the process that describes how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body. This quiz will cover the four key stages and their significance in medication therapy. Enhance your understanding of drug action and patient care.

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