PHARM QUIZ 2

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Questions and Answers

What is pharmacokinetics?

How drugs move through the body

What are the four basic principles of pharmacokinetics?

Absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion

What is absorption and how does it occur?

Drug enters blood through route of administration

What is distribution and what factors influence it?

How the drug spreads, affected by blood flow to tissue, drug solubility Signup and view all the answers

What is metabolism and how does it affect a drug's effects?

Biochemical alteration of a drug, can activate or deactivate drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is elimination?

Removing drugs from the body Signup and view all the answers

How does metabolism affect a drug's effects and toxicity?

Convert drugs to active or inactive, making have a therapeutic or toxic effect Signup and view all the answers

What are the different routes of drug elimination?

Renal, hepatic, biliary, pulmonary Signup and view all the answers

What factors can influence the rate of drug elimination?

Age, liver and kidney function, and drug interactions Signup and view all the answers

Why is understanding pharmacokinetics important in drug development and clinical practice?

Helps predict drug behavior, optimizing dosing regimens, minimize adverse effects Signup and view all the answers

What is inflammation?

Body's response to injury or infection Signup and view all the answers

What is fever?

Elevation of body temperature, part of inflammatory response Signup and view all the answers

What is an antipyretic?

Reduces fever Signup and view all the answers

What is an anti-inflammatory?

Reduces inflammation and its symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What are the 5 signs of inflammation?

Redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and loss of function Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 types of cell mediators of inflammation?

Histamines, prostaglandins, bradykinin, and leukotrienes Signup and view all the answers

What is acute vs chronic inflammation?

Acute is short term and chronic is long term and can cause tissue damage Signup and view all the answers

What is chemotaxis?

Movement of immunocompetent cells to site of injury or infection Signup and view all the answers

What is histamine?

Released during allergic reactions and inflammation that causes vasodilation Signup and view all the answers

What are homeostatic effects vs inflammatory effects?

Homeostasis maintains normal physiological function, inflammatory response protects against injury and infection but can damage tissue if too much Signup and view all the answers

What are the catabolic effects of steroids?

Leads to muscle wasting, fat redistribution, osteoporosis Signup and view all the answers

Define NSAID, opioid, non-opioid, and narcotic agents.

NSAID reduces inflammation and pain, opioids act on mu and kappa receptors to reduce severe pain, non-opioid analgesics don't act on opioid receptors and have different effects, and narcotics are like opioids and are drugs that induce sleep or relieve pain Signup and view all the answers

Name non-pharmacological ways nurses help treat inflammation.

Ice packs, elevation, compression, and physical therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is COX-1 and how may blocking it harm a patient? Which organs specifically?

Produces prostaglandins for stomach, can lead to gastric ulcers and kidney problems Signup and view all the answers

What is COX-2 and how may blocking it harm a patient? Which organs specifically?

Associated with inflammation, may reduce pain but greatly increase cardiovascular issues Signup and view all the answers

Name 2 drugs that are COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors.

Ibuprofen and aspirin Signup and view all the answers

Name 2 drugs that are COX-2 selective inhibitors.

Celebrex and Vioxx Signup and view all the answers

What is adequate oxygenation?

Exchange of O2 and CO2 Signup and view all the answers

What is adequate fluid/volume?

Balance of fluid intake and output, good hydration Signup and view all the answers

What is adequate perfusion?

Good blood flow to give oxygen and nutrients to body Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal temperature range?

97.7 to 99.5 degrees Fahrenheit (36.5 to 37.5 degrees Celsius) Signup and view all the answers

What is PERRLA and what does it assess?

Means Pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum oxygen saturation level needed?

Greater than 90% Signup and view all the answers

What is respiratory rate and what is considered normal?

Breaths per minute, 10 - 20 is normal Signup and view all the answers

What is the depth of breathing and why is it important?

Amount of air exchanged in each breath Signup and view all the answers

What is the rhythm of breathing and what is considered normal?

Regularity and pattern of breath Signup and view all the answers

What is symmetry in breathing and why is it important?

Evenness and quality of chest expansion, if not normal indicates respiratory or lung issues Signup and view all the answers

What is effort in breathing and what is considered normal?

Ease or difficulty of breathing Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pharmacokinetics

Refers to how drugs move through the body.
Four basic principles: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion.

Absorption

Involves the entry of drugs into the bloodstream via the route of administration.

Distribution

Entails the spreading of drugs in the body.
Influenced by blood flow to tissues and drug solubility.

Metabolism

Biochemical process that alters drugs within the body, potentially activating or deactivating them.

Elimination

The process of removing drugs from the body.

Metabolism Effects

Converts drugs to active or inactive forms, which can have therapeutic or toxic effects.

Routes of Drug Elimination

Includes renal (kidney), hepatic (liver), biliary (bile), and pulmonary (lungs) routes.

Influencing Factors for Drug Elimination

Age, liver and kidney function, and drug interactions can affect elimination rates.

Importance of Pharmacokinetics

Essential for predicting drug behavior, optimizing dosing regimens, and minimizing adverse effects.

Inflammation

Body’s response to injury or infection.

Fever

Elevation of body temperature as a part of the inflammatory response.

Antipyretic Agents

Medications that reduce fever.

Anti-inflammatory Agents

Reduce inflammation and alleviate associated symptoms.

Signs of Inflammation

Characterized by redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and loss of function.

Cell Mediators of Inflammation

Includes histamines, prostaglandins, bradykinin, and leukotrienes.

Acute vs Chronic Inflammation

Acute: short-term response.
Chronic: long-term, can lead to tissue damage.

Chemotaxis

The movement of immune cells to the site of injury or infection.

Histamine

Released during allergic reactions and inflammation; induces vasodilation.

Homeostatic vs Inflammatory Effects

Homeostasis maintains normal physiological functions; inflammation protects against injury but can cause tissue damage if excessive.

Catabolic Effects of Steroids

May cause muscle wasting, fat redistribution, and osteoporosis.

Definitions of Pain Relief Agents

NSAIDs: Reduce inflammation and pain.
Opioids: Target mu and kappa receptors for severe pain relief.
Non-opioid analgesics: Different effects without acting on opioid receptors.
Narcotics: Similar to opioids, induce sleep or relieve pain.

Non-pharmacological Treatments for Inflammation

Includes ice packs, elevation, compression, and physical therapy.

COX Enzymes and Their Implications

COX-1: Produces protective prostaglandins for the stomach; blocking may cause gastric ulcers and kidney issues.
COX-2: Associated with inflammation; blocking can reduce pain but may increase cardiovascular risks.

COX Inhibitors

COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors: Ibuprofen and Aspirin.
COX-2 selective inhibitors: Celebrex and Vioxx.

Normal Findings

Adequate oxygenation: Successful exchange of O2 and CO2.
Adequate fluid/volume: A balance between fluid intake and output.
Adequate perfusion: Effective blood flow supplying oxygen and nutrients.

Normal Temperature Range

Should be between 97.7 to 99.5 degrees Fahrenheit (36.5 to 37.5 degrees Celsius).

PERRLA

Stands for Pupils Equal, Round, Reactive to Light and Accommodation; assesses neurological function and optic nerve.

Minimum Oxygen Saturation Level

Should be greater than 90%.

Respiratory Rate

Normal range is 10 to 20 breaths per minute.

Depth of Breathing

Refers to the amount of air exchanged per breath, important for assessing pulmonary function.

Rhythm of Breathing

The regularity and pattern of breaths; should be consistent.

Symmetry in Breathing

Normal breathing involves bilateral chest expansion and equal air entry, indicating no respiratory issues.

Effort in Breathing

Describes ease or difficulty in breathing; should be unlabored.

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Description

Explore the essential concepts of pharmacokinetics in this quiz, focusing on how drugs move through the body. You will learn about absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Test your knowledge and strengthen your understanding of these critical pharmacological principles.