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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a key process in pharmacokinetics?
Which of the following is NOT a key process in pharmacokinetics?
- Excretion
- Absorption
- Receptor Binding (correct)
- Distribution
Which organ is primarily responsible for metabolizing drugs?
Which organ is primarily responsible for metabolizing drugs?
- Liver (correct)
- Kidneys
- Intestines
- Lungs
What does the term "therapeutic index" refer to?
What does the term "therapeutic index" refer to?
- The rate at which a drug is eliminated from the body.
- The time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum effect.
- The difference between a drug's minimum effective concentration and its maximum effective concentration.
- The ratio between the effective dose and the toxic dose. (correct)
Which of the following best describes an antagonist drug?
Which of the following best describes an antagonist drug?
What is the primary difference between a drug's peak and its duration of action?
What is the primary difference between a drug's peak and its duration of action?
What is the primary effect of misused drugs on the brain's reward circuit?
What is the primary effect of misused drugs on the brain's reward circuit?
How do drugs interfere with the normal function of neurons in the brain?
How do drugs interfere with the normal function of neurons in the brain?
According to the passage, what is the appropriate approach to pain management in patients with substance use disorder?
According to the passage, what is the appropriate approach to pain management in patients with substance use disorder?
Nurses with substance use disorder participating in a nondisciplinary program typically undergo
Nurses with substance use disorder participating in a nondisciplinary program typically undergo
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a characteristic of nondisciplinary programs for nurses with substance use disorder?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a characteristic of nondisciplinary programs for nurses with substance use disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of long-term opioid use?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of long-term opioid use?
What is the primary mechanism by which tolerance to a drug develops?
What is the primary mechanism by which tolerance to a drug develops?
Which of the following is an accurate description of a drug-induced photosensitivity reaction?
Which of the following is an accurate description of a drug-induced photosensitivity reaction?
What is the appropriate drug of choice for treating respiratory depression associated with an opioid overdose?
What is the appropriate drug of choice for treating respiratory depression associated with an opioid overdose?
Which of these is a common sign associated with drug toxicity?
Which of these is a common sign associated with drug toxicity?
What is the primary reason for the increased risk of adverse drug reactions in older adults compared to younger adults?
What is the primary reason for the increased risk of adverse drug reactions in older adults compared to younger adults?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that can influence the pharmacokinetic response to a drug?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that can influence the pharmacokinetic response to a drug?
Why are older adults more likely to experience polypharmacy?
Why are older adults more likely to experience polypharmacy?
What is the primary purpose of nicotine replacement therapy?
What is the primary purpose of nicotine replacement therapy?
Which of the following best describes the concept of a placebo effect?
Which of the following best describes the concept of a placebo effect?
Which of the following drugs is NOT approved by the FDA for the treatment of opioid use disorder?
Which of the following drugs is NOT approved by the FDA for the treatment of opioid use disorder?
Which of the following is a significant negative consequence of substance use disorder?
Which of the following is a significant negative consequence of substance use disorder?
What is the primary reason why drug dosages should be adjusted for older adults?
What is the primary reason why drug dosages should be adjusted for older adults?
Which category of drugs is most commonly associated with adverse drug events leading to ED visits and hospitalizations in older adults?
Which category of drugs is most commonly associated with adverse drug events leading to ED visits and hospitalizations in older adults?
Which of the following is NOT a common effect of excessive caffeine consumption?
Which of the following is NOT a common effect of excessive caffeine consumption?
Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in the United States?
Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in the United States?
Flashcards
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics
The phase involving the movement of a drug through the body.
Four Processes of Pharmacokinetics
Four Processes of Pharmacokinetics
The four processes are absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Metabolism
Metabolism
The process by which the body chemically alters a drug, primarily in the liver.
Therapeutic Index
Therapeutic Index
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Agonists vs. Antagonists
Agonists vs. Antagonists
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Misuse of drugs
Misuse of drugs
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Limbic system
Limbic system
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Neurotransmitter mimicry
Neurotransmitter mimicry
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Narcotic analgesics
Narcotic analgesics
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Nondisciplinary programs
Nondisciplinary programs
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Adverse Drug Reactions
Adverse Drug Reactions
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Drug Toxicity
Drug Toxicity
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Tolerance
Tolerance
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Placebo Effect
Placebo Effect
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Drug Interaction
Drug Interaction
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Drug-Induced Photosensitivity
Drug-Induced Photosensitivity
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Polypharmacy
Polypharmacy
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Older Adults Drug Use
Older Adults Drug Use
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Drug Adjustment for Age
Drug Adjustment for Age
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Substance Use Disorder
Substance Use Disorder
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Alcohol Risks
Alcohol Risks
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Opioid Effects
Opioid Effects
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Nicotine Effects
Nicotine Effects
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Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
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Withdrawal from Caffeine
Withdrawal from Caffeine
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Study Notes
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
- Drug movement through the body occurs in two phases: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic.
- Pharmacokinetics describes the drug's movement, involving four processes: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
- Absorption: Drug entry into the bloodstream.
- Distribution: Drug movement from bloodstream to body tissues.
- Metabolism: Body's chemical alteration of the drug for excretion. Primary site is the liver.
- Excretion: Drug removal from the body. Primary site is the kidneys, but also occurs via saliva, bile, lungs, sweat, and breast milk.
- Renal function tests often include creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN).
- Potency: Amount of drug needed for a specific response.
- Maximal Efficacy: Dosage point where increasing the dose doesn't enhance the response.
- Therapeutic Index: Ratio of therapeutic dose to toxic dose.
- Therapeutic Range (Window): Safe dose range for therapeutic response without adverse effects.
- Onset: Time from administration to minimum effective concentration.
- Peak: Highest drug concentration in blood.
- Duration of Action: Time drug exerts a therapeutic effect.
- Agonists: Drugs activating receptors, producing a desired effect.
- Antagonists: Drugs preventing receptor activation, blocking a response.
- Side Effects: Secondary effects of drug therapy; all drugs have side effects.
- Adverse Drug Reactions: Unintentional, unexpected reactions to normal drug dosages.
- Drug Toxicity: Drug levels exceeding the therapeutic range; caused by overdose or accumulation.
- Tolerance: Decreased responsiveness to a drug over time.
- Placebo Effect: Drug response unrelated to the drug's chemical properties, influenced by patient expectations.
- Drug Interaction: Altered drug action due to interaction with other drugs.
- Food can affect drug pharmacokinetics (increase, decrease, or delay).
- Drug-Induced Photosensitivity: Skin reaction from drug-UV light interaction.
Complementary and Alternative Therapies
- 40% of adults use complementary/alternative medicine with traditional therapies.
- These therapies lack premarket safety and efficacy testing and standardized manufacturing.
Geriatric Considerations
- Older adults frequently use OTC drugs and supplements.
- Increased risk of adverse reactions and drug interactions, often leading to hospitalization.
- Age-related factors influence absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
- Absorption changes: Slowed gastric emptying, reduced blood flow, decreased acid production.
- Distribution changes: Decreased muscle mass, increased fat.
- Metabolism changes: Decreased hepatic blood flow.
- Excretion changes: Decreased renal function.
- Drug dosages adjusted for weight, lab results, and comorbidities.
- Drug toxicity possible at dosages within the therapeutic range for younger adults.
- Polypharmacy: Use of multiple drugs beyond clinical need.
- Older adults more likely to visit ED or be hospitalized due to adverse drug events.
- Common culprits are blood thinners, diabetes/seizure meds, cardiac drugs, and pain relievers.
- Nonadherence is a problem, especially in older adults, potentially due to insufficient understanding of the treatment regimen.
Drugs in Substance Use Disorder
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All drugs can be misused.
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Drug use is a complex social and health issue with severe consequences (family dysfunction, job loss, etc.).
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Substance Use Disorder: Recurrent use causing significant impairment (health problems, disability).
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Examples of Substance Use Disorders:
- Alcohol: Associated with significant health issues (stomach, heart, cancer, brain damage, liver cirrhosis).
- Cannabis: Associated with chronic cough, respiratory infections, cancer risk.
- Opioids: Pain relief; powerful reward system stimulation; "downers". Naloxone for respiratory depression treatment; Naltrexone & Methadone to treat opioid use disorder (safe when prescribed with counseling).
- Tobacco: Nicotine stimulates dopamine, etc., leading to stimulation, reward, and stress relief; severe, long-term damage. Nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, and varenicline.
- Cough/Cold Products: Dextromethorphan/promethazine-codeine can be psychoactive in high doses.
- Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: Muscle/bone growth and sexual characteristics; misuse leads to long-term health risks (kidney/liver damage, heart issues, cholesterol changes).
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Drug misuse increases dopamine and other neurotransmitter availability in the brain's reward circuit.
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Drugs interfere with neurotransmitter function leading to faulty transmission and excessive stimulation.
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Pain management is a priority, and narcotic analgesics use for pain doesn't worsen substance use disorder.
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Substance use disorder can cause nurses to enter treatment programs with compliance monitoring and abstinence requirements upon return to work.
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Excessive caffeine use is not considered a substance use disorder.
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