Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a key process in pharmacokinetics?

  • Excretion
  • Absorption
  • Receptor Binding (correct)
  • Distribution

Which organ is primarily responsible for metabolizing drugs?

  • Liver (correct)
  • Kidneys
  • Intestines
  • Lungs

What does the term "therapeutic index" refer to?

  • The rate at which a drug is eliminated from the body.
  • The time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum effect.
  • The difference between a drug's minimum effective concentration and its maximum effective concentration.
  • The ratio between the effective dose and the toxic dose. (correct)

Which of the following best describes an antagonist drug?

<p>A drug that blocks a receptor and prevents its activation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a drug's peak and its duration of action?

<p>The peak represents the highest concentration of the drug in the blood, while the duration of action represents the length of time the drug is effective. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of misused drugs on the brain's reward circuit?

<p>Increased availability of neurotransmitters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do drugs interfere with the normal function of neurons in the brain?

<p>By mimicking and altering the way neurotransmitters function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what is the appropriate approach to pain management in patients with substance use disorder?

<p>Administer narcotic analgesics as needed to manage pain effectively (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nurses with substance use disorder participating in a nondisciplinary program typically undergo

<p>Therapy and monitoring for compliance and abstinence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a characteristic of nondisciplinary programs for nurses with substance use disorder?

<p>Financial assistance for treatment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of long-term opioid use?

<p>Reduced pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which tolerance to a drug develops?

<p>Decreased responsiveness of receptors to the drug (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an accurate description of a drug-induced photosensitivity reaction?

<p>A skin reaction caused by exposure to sunlight, primarily due to ultraviolet A (UVA) light (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate drug of choice for treating respiratory depression associated with an opioid overdose?

<p>Naloxone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a common sign associated with drug toxicity?

<p>Overdose-related hospitalizations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the increased risk of adverse drug reactions in older adults compared to younger adults?

<p>Age-related changes in pharmacokinetics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can influence the pharmacokinetic response to a drug?

<p>Gender (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are older adults more likely to experience polypharmacy?

<p>Older adults are more likely to have multiple chronic health conditions requiring multiple medications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of nicotine replacement therapy?

<p>To alleviate withdrawal symptoms during smoking cessation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of a placebo effect?

<p>A response to a drug that is influenced by the patient's beliefs, attitudes, and expectations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is NOT approved by the FDA for the treatment of opioid use disorder?

<p>Bupropion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant negative consequence of substance use disorder?

<p>Family dysfunction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why drug dosages should be adjusted for older adults?

<p>Older adults have physiological changes that affect drug pharmacokinetics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of drugs is most commonly associated with adverse drug events leading to ED visits and hospitalizations in older adults?

<p>Blood thinners (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common effect of excessive caffeine consumption?

<p>Reduced anxiety (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in the United States?

<p>CAM therapies are not subject to premarket testing for safety and efficacy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pharmacokinetics

The phase involving the movement of a drug through the body.

Four Processes of Pharmacokinetics

The four processes are absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

Metabolism

The process by which the body chemically alters a drug, primarily in the liver.

Therapeutic Index

The ratio between the therapeutic dose and the toxic dose of a drug.

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Agonists vs. Antagonists

Agonists activate receptors; antagonists block responses from receptors.

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Misuse of drugs

Drugs misused increase dopamine availability in the brain's reward system.

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Limbic system

A brain region associated with emotions and reward processing.

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Neurotransmitter mimicry

Drugs mimic neurotransmitters but do not copy them exactly.

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Narcotic analgesics

Medications used for pain relief, even in substance use disorders.

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Nondisciplinary programs

Programs for healthcare workers with substance use issues to receive help.

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Adverse Drug Reactions

Unintentional, unexpected reactions to drug therapy at normal dosages.

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Drug Toxicity

Occurs when drug levels exceed the therapeutic range, possibly from overdose or accumulation.

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Tolerance

Decreased responsiveness requiring higher drug dosages to achieve same effect.

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Placebo Effect

Drug response not due to chemical properties, influenced by beliefs and expectations.

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Drug Interaction

Altered drug action or effect due to interaction with other drugs.

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Drug-Induced Photosensitivity

Skin reaction from sunlight exposure due to drug interaction with UVA light.

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Polypharmacy

Use of multiple drugs or unnecessary drug administration.

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Older Adults Drug Use

Half use OTC drugs; more likely to experience adverse reactions and interactions.

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Drug Adjustment for Age

Drug dosages must consider age-related factors affecting absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

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Substance Use Disorder

Recurrent use of substances causing health problems and impaired responsibilities.

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Alcohol Risks

Heavy drinking linked to numerous severe health issues.

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Opioid Effects

Interact with receptors flooding the brain with dopamine, causing euphoria.

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Nicotine Effects

Stimulates dopamine and causes pleasure, affecting nearly all organs long-term.

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Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Promote muscle growth and sexual characteristics with serious side effects in misuse.

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Withdrawal from Caffeine

Caffeine cessation can show withdrawal symptoms but isn't a substance use disorder.

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Study Notes

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

  • Drug movement through the body occurs in two phases: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic.
  • Pharmacokinetics describes the drug's movement, involving four processes: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
  • Absorption: Drug entry into the bloodstream.
  • Distribution: Drug movement from bloodstream to body tissues.
  • Metabolism: Body's chemical alteration of the drug for excretion. Primary site is the liver.
  • Excretion: Drug removal from the body. Primary site is the kidneys, but also occurs via saliva, bile, lungs, sweat, and breast milk.
  • Renal function tests often include creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN).
  • Potency: Amount of drug needed for a specific response.
  • Maximal Efficacy: Dosage point where increasing the dose doesn't enhance the response.
  • Therapeutic Index: Ratio of therapeutic dose to toxic dose.
  • Therapeutic Range (Window): Safe dose range for therapeutic response without adverse effects.
  • Onset: Time from administration to minimum effective concentration.
  • Peak: Highest drug concentration in blood.
  • Duration of Action: Time drug exerts a therapeutic effect.
  • Agonists: Drugs activating receptors, producing a desired effect.
  • Antagonists: Drugs preventing receptor activation, blocking a response.
  • Side Effects: Secondary effects of drug therapy; all drugs have side effects.
  • Adverse Drug Reactions: Unintentional, unexpected reactions to normal drug dosages.
  • Drug Toxicity: Drug levels exceeding the therapeutic range; caused by overdose or accumulation.
  • Tolerance: Decreased responsiveness to a drug over time.
  • Placebo Effect: Drug response unrelated to the drug's chemical properties, influenced by patient expectations.
  • Drug Interaction: Altered drug action due to interaction with other drugs.
  • Food can affect drug pharmacokinetics (increase, decrease, or delay).
  • Drug-Induced Photosensitivity: Skin reaction from drug-UV light interaction.

Complementary and Alternative Therapies

  • 40% of adults use complementary/alternative medicine with traditional therapies.
  • These therapies lack premarket safety and efficacy testing and standardized manufacturing.

Geriatric Considerations

  • Older adults frequently use OTC drugs and supplements.
  • Increased risk of adverse reactions and drug interactions, often leading to hospitalization.
  • Age-related factors influence absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
  • Absorption changes: Slowed gastric emptying, reduced blood flow, decreased acid production.
  • Distribution changes: Decreased muscle mass, increased fat.
  • Metabolism changes: Decreased hepatic blood flow.
  • Excretion changes: Decreased renal function.
  • Drug dosages adjusted for weight, lab results, and comorbidities.
  • Drug toxicity possible at dosages within the therapeutic range for younger adults.
  • Polypharmacy: Use of multiple drugs beyond clinical need.
  • Older adults more likely to visit ED or be hospitalized due to adverse drug events.
  • Common culprits are blood thinners, diabetes/seizure meds, cardiac drugs, and pain relievers.
  • Nonadherence is a problem, especially in older adults, potentially due to insufficient understanding of the treatment regimen.

Drugs in Substance Use Disorder

  • All drugs can be misused.

  • Drug use is a complex social and health issue with severe consequences (family dysfunction, job loss, etc.).

  • Substance Use Disorder: Recurrent use causing significant impairment (health problems, disability).

  • Examples of Substance Use Disorders:

    • Alcohol: Associated with significant health issues (stomach, heart, cancer, brain damage, liver cirrhosis).
    • Cannabis: Associated with chronic cough, respiratory infections, cancer risk.
    • Opioids: Pain relief; powerful reward system stimulation; "downers". Naloxone for respiratory depression treatment; Naltrexone & Methadone to treat opioid use disorder (safe when prescribed with counseling).
    • Tobacco: Nicotine stimulates dopamine, etc., leading to stimulation, reward, and stress relief; severe, long-term damage. Nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, and varenicline.
    • Cough/Cold Products: Dextromethorphan/promethazine-codeine can be psychoactive in high doses.
    • Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: Muscle/bone growth and sexual characteristics; misuse leads to long-term health risks (kidney/liver damage, heart issues, cholesterol changes).
  • Drug misuse increases dopamine and other neurotransmitter availability in the brain's reward circuit.

  • Drugs interfere with neurotransmitter function leading to faulty transmission and excessive stimulation.

  • Pain management is a priority, and narcotic analgesics use for pain doesn't worsen substance use disorder.

  • Substance use disorder can cause nurses to enter treatment programs with compliance monitoring and abstinence requirements upon return to work.

  • Excessive caffeine use is not considered a substance use disorder.

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