Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism of absorption for subcutaneous injections?

  • Osmosis
  • Simple diffusion (correct)
  • Active transport
  • Facilitated diffusion

    • Which route of administration is used to bypass the blood-brain barrier?

  • Oral inhalation
  • Transdermal
  • Intrathecal/intraventricular (correct)
  • Intramuscular

    • What is the primary advantage of subcutaneous injection over intravenous injection?

  • Minimized risk of hemolysis or thrombosis (correct)
  • Faster absorption rate
  • Increased bioavailability
  • Reduced risk of tissue irritation

    • What type of preparation is used for intramuscular injections that are absorbed slowly?

    <p>Specialized depot preparation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consideration when choosing a subcutaneous injection route?

    <p>The drug's potential for tissue irritation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration is used to achieve systemic effects by application of drugs to the skin?

    <p>Transdermal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of rectal administration?

    <p>Bypassing the portal circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of effect is desired when using a topical route of administration?

    <p>Local effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor determines the fraction of molecules charged or uncharged for weak bases and weak acids?

    <p>The pH of the medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Fick's law, which of the following would increase the rate of drug absorption into the blood?

    <p>Increasing the concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between aqueous diffusion and lipid diffusion?

    <p>One occurs through aqueous pores, while the other occurs through lipid bilayer cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What equation can be used to predict the fraction of molecules in the ionized state?

    <p>Henderson-Hasselbalch equation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of protonation on weak bases?

    <p>They become more hydrophilic and more water soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of protonation on weak acids?

    <p>They become more lipophilic and less water soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs has a larger absorbing surface area, resulting in faster drug absorption?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the rate of movement of molecules across a barrier, according to Fick's law?

    <p>The concentration gradient, permeability coefficient, and the area and thickness of the barrier membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the technique used to produce monoclonal antibodies?

    <p>Hybridoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a natural drug?

    <p>Gonadotrophins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of preclinical tests in drug development?

    <p>To assess the acute toxicity of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a chemical name of a drug?

    <p>Acetyl-pamino-phenol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the approach to drug discovery that involves modifying the structure of known drugs to make them more potent or less toxic?

    <p>Modification of structure of known drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a mineral used as a drug?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the name given to a drug by the manufacturer?

    <p>Trade name</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an approach to drug discovery that involves searching for new uses of drugs already in use?

    <p>Discovery of new uses of drugs already in use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of pharmacokinetics?

    <p>The study of what the body does to the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of pharmacokinetic principles in rational dosing?

    <p>To quantify the absorption, distribution, and elimination of a drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of drug transport across the cell membrane?

    <p>Carrier-mediated transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of permeation in pharmacokinetics?

    <p>To facilitate the movement of drug molecules into and within the biologic environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of drug administration that affects pharmacokinetics?

    <p>Oral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary type of diffusion that occurs through the watery extracellular and intracellular spaces?

    <p>Aqueous diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the small water-filled pores in the membranes of most capillaries?

    <p>To permit the aqueous diffusion of molecules up to the size of small proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of pharmacodynamics?

    <p>To study the biological effects of a drug on the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of pre-clinical tests in pharmacological studies?

    <p>To assess the toxicity of a new drug in vitro and in vivo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of toxicity study?

    <p>Pharmacodynamic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Phase 1 clinical trials?

    <p>To assess the safety and tolerability of a new drug in humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of clinical trials involves post-marketing surveillance of a newly approved drug?

    <p>Phase 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a double-blind study in pharmacological research?

    <p>To mask the identity of the treatment and the outcome from both the researcher and the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the effects of a drug on reproduction?

    <p>Reproductive toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of pharmacokinetic study?

    <p>Absorption, metabolism, and excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the potential of a drug to cause genetic mutations?

    <p>Mutagenicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sources of Drugs

    • Natural drugs: insulin, heparin, gonadotrophins, thyroid extract, and antitoxic sera (e.g., anti-snake venom)
    • Microorganisms: penicillin, streptomycin, erythromycin, polymyxin B, bacitracin, chloramphenicol, nystatin, and griseofulvin
    • Minerals: iron, calcium, magnesium, liquid paraffin, ferrous sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium trisilicate, and kaolin
    • Genetic engineering: human insulin, growth hormone, and monoclonal antibodies

    Drug Nomenclature

    • Chemical/molecular/scientific name: e.g., acetyl-pamino-phenol (paracetamol)
    • International/generic/approved name: e.g., ACE inhibitors (e.g., captopril)
    • Brand/trade name: e.g., paracetamol (acetaminophen) with over 30 trade names (e.g., Crocin, Panadol)

    Principal Approaches to Drug Discovery

    • Synthesis of analogues, agonists, or antagonists of endogenous substances (e.g., hormones)
    • Modification of structure of known drugs for more potent or less toxic drugs
    • Random screening of novel chemicals for biological activity
    • Discovery of new uses of drugs already in use
    • Search for drugs from traditional remedies

    Scientific Studies of New Drug

    • Preclinical tests:
      • Acute toxicity
      • Pharmacological studies (in vitro, in vivo activity; effective dose)
      • Toxicity studies (reproduction, teratogenicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity)
    • Evaluation in man:
      • Phase 1: Clinical pharmacology test on human volunteers
      • Phase 2: Clinical investigation (patient blind study, 50-300 patients)
      • Phase 3: Formal therapeutic trials (randomized, controlled, multi-centric, 250-1000 patients)
      • Phase 4: Post-marketing surveillance

    Pharmacokinetics

    • The study of what the body does to the drug (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion)
    • Principles:
      • Absorption: drug passage across the cell membrane and route of administration
      • Distribution: drug movement within the body
      • Metabolism: drug transformation into inactive or active forms
      • Excretion: drug elimination from the body
    • Permeation: movement of drug molecules into and within the biologic environment
      • Aqueous diffusion: movement of molecules through watery extracellular and intracellular spaces
      • Lipid diffusion: passive movement of molecules through lipid bilayer cell membranes and other lipid barriers
      • Fick's Law of Diffusion: predicts the rate of movement of molecules across a barrier

    Route of Administration

    • Oral: most common route, but affected by pH, food, and gastrointestinal factors
    • Parenteral: injection into the body, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract
    • Intravenous: rapid absorption, but high risk of adverse reactions
    • Intramuscular: absorption via simple diffusion, with slower absorption rates
    • Subcutaneous: absorption via simple diffusion, slower than IV route
    • Topical: local effect of the drug, used for skin, eye, ear, nose, vaginal, and urethral applications
    • Transdermal: systemic effects achieved by application of drugs to the skin, usually via a transdermal patch
    • Rectal: 50% of the drainage of the rectal region bypasses the portal circulation, preventing destruction of the drug in the GI environment

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    UOFCM Pharmacology Course 2024-2025 Lecture 1 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, including the principles of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs and their effects on the body.

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