Questions and Answers
Which drug will the nurse administer to a patient in need of an immediate drug response?
Which side effect will the nurse include when teaching a patient about diphenhydramine prescribed for the treatment of allergies?
Which type of effect occurs when a psychological benefit is obtained from a compound that may not have a drug effect?
What is bioavailability?
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Which type of effect occurs when a psychological benefit is obtained from a compound that may not have a drug effect?
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Which term is used to describe the biotransformation of a drug?
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Which effect will the nurse suspect when a patient receiving pain medication for more than 24 hours states, 'This medication is not helping my pain like it did yesterday'?
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Which instruction would the nurse include when teaching a patient about the administration of phenelzine?
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Which action occurs when a drug reaches its half-life?
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Which intervention will the nurse implement when caring for a patient who is receiving a drug with a narrow therapeutic index?
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Which information will the nurse consider when caring for a patient who has been prescribed digoxin once daily?
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Which action by the nurse when reviewing a new medication prescription is consistent with pharmacogenetic principles?
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Which term is used to describe the study of drug effects on the body?
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Which term is used to describe the ratio between a drug’s therapeutic effects and its toxic effects?
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Which route of drug administration provides the fastest therapeutic effect?
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Which time frame would a nurse select for a blood sample to be drawn from a patient to obtain a trough level?
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Which laboratory test would indicate the highest plasma concentration of a drug at a specific time?
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Which factor will the nurse consider when administering a drug with a narrow therapeutic index (TI)?
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Which drug delays the renal excretion of penicillin?
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Which instruction would the nurse include when teaching a patient about the administration of sulfonamide?
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Which statement describes a characteristic of highly protein-bound drugs?
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Which pharmacokinetic phase is affected by a compromised renal system?
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Which effect on the bioavailability of a drug occurs when a patient takes an enteric-coated medication with a large amount of food?
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Study Notes
Pharmacokinetics vs. Pharmacodynamics
- Pharmacodynamics studies the effects of drugs on the body, including their influence on cellular physiology.
- Pharmacokinetics analyzes how the body affects a drug through absorption, distribution, metabolism (biotransformation), and excretion.
Placebo Effect
- The placebo effect is a psychological benefit derived from an inert compound that typically lacks pharmacological activity.
- Side effects are physiological responses not related to the desired outcome of a drug.
Drug Metabolism
- Metabolism involves the biotransformation of drugs, which can convert inactive substances into active forms, often occurring in the liver.
- Only through metabolism can drugs be broken down or transformed for elimination.
Tolerance and Tachyphylaxis
- Tolerance refers to a gradual decrease in response to a drug after prolonged use.
- Tachyphylaxis is a rapid decrease in response, often described as "acute tolerance."
Phenelzine Administration
- Patients on phenelzine, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), must avoid tyramine-rich foods (e.g., sour cream) due to risks of hypertensive crisis.
- Instructions include taking the medication as prescribed, as certain foods can interact negatively.
Half-Life of Drugs
- The half-life indicates the time taken for half of a drug dose to be eliminated from the body, critical for understanding drug dosing and timing.
- The therapeutic effect of a drug is not directly related to its half-life.
Monitoring Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs
- Drugs with a narrow therapeutic index (TI) require careful monitoring of plasma drug levels to prevent toxicity.
- TIs account for the small range between therapeutic and toxic doses.
Digoxin Considerations
- Monitor for potential toxicity in patients receiving digoxin due to its long half-life; a steady state concentration occurs after about 5-7 days.
Pharmacogenetics in Drug Administration
- The Precision Medicine Initiative emphasizes using genetic testing and patient-specific factors to select appropriate medications.
- Selecting the right medication can minimize adverse reactions and enhance efficacy.
Therapeutic Index
- The therapeutic index measures the margin of safety of a drug, comparing its effective dose to toxic effects, highlighting its safety profile.
Routes of Drug Administration
- Intravenous (IV) administration provides the fastest therapeutic effect due to immediate bioavailability, essential for urgent medical situations.
Peak and Trough Drug Levels
- Trough levels indicate the lowest plasma concentration of a drug just before the next dose, essential for managing dosing regimens.
- Peak levels measure the highest concentration of a drug, typically assessed after a specific time post-administration.
Drug Excretion
- The kidneys are primarily responsible for drug excretion, with compromised renal function potentially leading to drug accumulation and toxicity.
Enteric-Coated Medications
- Enteric-coated drugs should not be taken with large quantities of food, which can dissolve the coating and reduce bioavailability.
Immediate Drug Response
- Administering a loading dose provides an immediate drug response rapidly achieving the desired therapeutic effect.
Side Effects of Diphenhydramine
- One notable side effect of diphenhydramine, an antihistamine for allergies, is mild sedation, relevant for patient instruction.### Effects of Bethanechol
- Bethanechol decreases blood pressure through its action on cholinergic receptors.
Types of Drug Effects
- Placebo Effect: A psychological benefit gained from a compound, which may lack any actual drug effect.
- Side Effects: Physiological effects not related to desired drug effects.
- Drug Toxicity: Assessable by measuring blood levels of the drug.
- Adverse Reactions: More severe than side effects, indicating greater harm or risk from drug use.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Chapter 3, which focuses on Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in pharmacology. This quiz will challenge your understanding of the mechanisms and effects of drugs in the body. Assess your ability to apply these concepts to real-world scenarios and prepare for your upcoming assessments.
