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Questions and Answers
What primarily composes the cell membrane?
What primarily composes the cell membrane?
- Lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
- Phospholipid monolayer, cholesterol, and proteins
- Phospholipid bilayer and cholesterol
- Phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates (correct)
Which process involves movement across the cell membrane without energy expenditure?
Which process involves movement across the cell membrane without energy expenditure?
- Pinocytosis
- Passive (Simple) Diffusion (correct)
- Active Transport
- Facilitated Diffusion
What does Fick’s Law of Diffusion govern?
What does Fick’s Law of Diffusion govern?
- Simple diffusion based on membrane permeability and drug concentration gradient (correct)
- Pinocytosis of water-soluble drugs
- Facilitated diffusion of lipid-soluble drugs
- Active transport of drugs across cell membranes
Which type of drug movement across cell membranes involves special carriers for peptides, amino acids, and glucose?
Which type of drug movement across cell membranes involves special carriers for peptides, amino acids, and glucose?
Which process involves the formation of water-soluble conjugates to aid in excretion?
Which process involves the formation of water-soluble conjugates to aid in excretion?
What is the primary cause of liver failure and death in paracetamol overdose?
What is the primary cause of liver failure and death in paracetamol overdose?
Which process involves the removal of free drugs from the body?
Which process involves the removal of free drugs from the body?
How does the pH of the environment influence drug reabsorption in renal excretion?
How does the pH of the environment influence drug reabsorption in renal excretion?
What can healthcare professionals manipulate to influence the elimination of certain drugs?
What can healthcare professionals manipulate to influence the elimination of certain drugs?
Which type of drug is excreted unchanged in urine due to its lipophilic, un-ionized form?
Which type of drug is excreted unchanged in urine due to its lipophilic, un-ionized form?
What determines the maximum renal clearance of drugs?
What determines the maximum renal clearance of drugs?
What fraction of drug excreted unchanged indicates how a drug is eliminated?
What fraction of drug excreted unchanged indicates how a drug is eliminated?
How do drugs end up in feces?
How do drugs end up in feces?
Which cells play a crucial role in the process of drugs ending up in feces?
Which cells play a crucial role in the process of drugs ending up in feces?
What are the primary organs involved in renal excretion?
What are the primary organs involved in renal excretion?
What is the term for the process of forming sulfate and glucuronide conjugates in normal paracetamol metabolism?
What is the term for the process of forming sulfate and glucuronide conjugates in normal paracetamol metabolism?
Which factor affects drug ionization, influencing its solubility and absorption in the body?
Which factor affects drug ionization, influencing its solubility and absorption in the body?
What type of transporters are involved in carrier mediated transport for active molecule movement?
What type of transporters are involved in carrier mediated transport for active molecule movement?
What occurs when drugs are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and metabolized in the liver before reaching systemic circulation?
What occurs when drugs are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and metabolized in the liver before reaching systemic circulation?
What conceptually accounts for the distribution of a drug throughout the body based on its concentration in the blood?
What conceptually accounts for the distribution of a drug throughout the body based on its concentration in the blood?
Which factor affects a drug's distribution, with lipophilic drugs having a higher apparent Vd due to widespread distribution?
Which factor affects a drug's distribution, with lipophilic drugs having a higher apparent Vd due to widespread distribution?
What restricts the passage of certain substances into the brain, affecting drug distribution and efficacy?
What restricts the passage of certain substances into the brain, affecting drug distribution and efficacy?
Which type of transporters are involved in carrier mediated transport for anions and cations?
Which type of transporters are involved in carrier mediated transport for anions and cations?
What is crucial in comparing different drug formulations and their effects on the body?
What is crucial in comparing different drug formulations and their effects on the body?
Which factor affects drug absorption, including gut content, gastrointestinal motility, and splanchnic blood flow?
Which factor affects drug absorption, including gut content, gastrointestinal motility, and splanchnic blood flow?
What affects a drug's movement in the body, as only the free form can reach different tissues?
What affects a drug's movement in the body, as only the free form can reach different tissues?
Which factor influences how drugs spread and act in the body, including volume of distribution, plasma protein binding, and the blood-brain barrier?
Which factor influences how drugs spread and act in the body, including volume of distribution, plasma protein binding, and the blood-brain barrier?
What is crucial in comparing different drug formulations and their effects on the body?
What is crucial in comparing different drug formulations and their effects on the body?
Which type of drugs easily cross the blood-brain barrier?
Which type of drugs easily cross the blood-brain barrier?
What is the main function of transporters like P-gp in drug movement?
What is the main function of transporters like P-gp in drug movement?
Which parameter determines the maintenance dose rate of a drug?
Which parameter determines the maintenance dose rate of a drug?
Where do Phase 1 and Phase 2 drug metabolism reactions mainly occur?
Where do Phase 1 and Phase 2 drug metabolism reactions mainly occur?
What is the role of the cytochrome P450 system in drug metabolism?
What is the role of the cytochrome P450 system in drug metabolism?
What do CYP enzymes require to make drugs more water-friendly?
What do CYP enzymes require to make drugs more water-friendly?
How do genetic polymorphisms in CYP enzymes impact drug metabolism?
How do genetic polymorphisms in CYP enzymes impact drug metabolism?
What is the most common Phase 2 reaction in drug metabolism?
What is the most common Phase 2 reaction in drug metabolism?
What is the result of Phase 2 reactions in drug metabolism?
What is the result of Phase 2 reactions in drug metabolism?
Which type of drugs are transformed into more polar forms by the cytochrome P450 system?
Which type of drugs are transformed into more polar forms by the cytochrome P450 system?
What is the main function of glucuronidation in Phase 2 drug metabolism?
What is the main function of glucuronidation in Phase 2 drug metabolism?
What is the key role of drug clearance in determining the maintenance dose rate?
What is the key role of drug clearance in determining the maintenance dose rate?
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Study Notes
Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism: Key Concepts
- Lipid-soluble drugs easily cross the blood-brain barrier, while water-soluble drugs face difficulty.
- Transporters like P-gp aid or hinder drug movement into and out of cells.
- Key pharmacokinetic parameters include clearance, volume of distribution, C max, T max, AUC, and half-life.
- Drug clearance is the volume of blood cleared of the drug per unit time and determines the maintenance dose rate.
- Drug metabolism involves Phase 1 (oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis) and Phase 2 (conjugation) reactions, mainly occurring in the liver.
- The cytochrome P450 system, with over 50 enzymes, is pivotal in drug metabolism, transforming lipophilic drugs into more polar forms.
- CYP enzymes require oxygen and NADPH to make drugs more water-friendly, aiding in their excretion from the body.
- Different CYP enzymes metabolize specific drugs, with some drugs being metabolized by multiple CYP enzymes.
- Genetic polymorphisms in CYP enzymes can lead to variations in drug metabolism, impacting drug effects.
- Phase 2 reactions involve attaching polar groups to drugs, making them more water-soluble for easy excretion.
- Glucuronidation, the most common Phase 2 reaction, involves attaching a glucuronic acid group to drugs, increasing their water solubility.
- The result of Phase 2 reactions is a more polar and water-soluble drug conjugate, essential for easy excretion from the body.
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