16 Questions
Faktor apa yang mempengaruhi absorpsi obat?
Lipid solubility dan pH situs absorpsi
Apakah yang dimaksud dengan Pharmacokinetics?
Studi tentang bagaimana obat bergerak dalam tubuh
Apa yang diamati dalam studi Enzyme Kinetics?
Laju reaksi enzim-katalisasi
Apa yang terjadi dalam proses biotransformasi?
Obat mengalami modifikasi kimia oleh tubuh
Faktor apa yang mempengaruhi eliminasi obat?
Fungsi ginjal dan hati
Apa yang termasuk dalam proses eliminasi obat?
Renal, hepatic, biliary, pulmonary, dan fecal excretion
Bagaimana obat dieliminasi melalui ginjal?
Melalui proses glomerular filtrasi dan reabsorpsi tubular
Apa persamaan yang menggambarkan kinetika enzim-catalyzed reactions?
V = Vmax * [S] / (Km + [S])
Apa yang terjadi pada enzim ketika terjadi inhibisi ireversibel?
Enzim kehilangan aktivitasnya
Apa yang termasuk dalam fase I reaksi biotransformasi?
Oksidasi, reduksi, dan hidrolisis
Apa yang diukur oleh parameter Cmax dalam farmakokinetik?
Kadar plasma maksimum obat
Apa yang termasuk dalam proses Absorpsi Obat?
Absorpsi, distribusi, metabolisme, dan eliminasi
Model apa yang mengasumsikan obat tersebar merata di seluruh tubuh?
One-Compartment Model
Apa yang terjadi pada enzim ketika terjadi inhibisi reversibel?
Enzim regains aktivitasnya setelah inhibisi
Apa tujuan dari studi Enzyme Kinetics?
Untuk memahami kinetika enzim-catalyzed reactions
Apa yang termasuk dalam Parameter PK?
Cmax, Tmax, dan half-life
Study Notes
Pharmacological Metabolism
Drug Absorption
- Process by which a drug enters the bloodstream
- Depends on factors such as:
- Route of administration (oral, IV, topical, etc.)
- Lipid solubility of the drug
- pH of the absorption site
- Presence of transport mechanisms (e.g. active transport)
Pharmacokinetics
- Study of the movement of drugs within the body
- Includes:
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Metabolism
- Excretion (ADME)
- Pharmacokinetic parameters:
- Tmax (time to maximum concentration)
- Cmax (maximum concentration)
- Half-life (t1/2)
- Volume of distribution (Vd)
- Clearance (Cl)
Enzyme Kinetics
- Study of the rates of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
- Key concepts:
- Michaelis-Menten equation
- Km (Michaelis constant)
- Vmax (maximum reaction rate)
- Enzyme substrate complex
- Inhibition and activation of enzymes
Biotransformation
- Chemical modification of a drug by the body
- Types of biotransformation:
- Phase I reactions (oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis)
- Phase II reactions (conjugation)
- Enzymes involved in biotransformation:
- Cytochrome P450 (CYP) family
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs)
- Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs)
Elimination Mechanisms
- Processes by which the body removes drugs
- Types of elimination:
- Renal excretion (kidney)
- Hepatic excretion (liver)
- Biliary excretion (bile)
- Pulmonary excretion (lungs)
- Fecal excretion (intestines)
- Factors affecting elimination:
- Renal function
- Liver function
- Blood flow
- Binding to plasma proteins
Test your knowledge of pharmacological metabolism, including drug absorption, pharmacokinetics, enzyme kinetics, biotransformation, and elimination mechanisms.
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