PSYC 3403 - Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the first step in pharmacokinetics?

Absorption (correct)

Metabolism

Distribution

Elimination

Which administration method is known for rapid delivery to the brain?

Transdermal patch

Inhalation (correct)

Rectal administration

Oral administration

What is the main disadvantage of oral administration?

Interference from stomach acids (correct)

Delays in drug action

Poor absorption parameters

Requires injection

What does C max represent in pharmacokinetics?

Maximum concentration of the drug in the blood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following routes of administration requires the drug to be gastrostomy-resistant?

Oral administration Signup and view all the answers

Which administration method includes the delivery of drugs through mucous membranes?

Sublingual administration Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of using rectal administration?

Rectal membrane irritation Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does a transdermal patch provide?

Continuous, controlled release of medication Signup and view all the answers

What role do nodes of Ranvier play in signal transmission?

They facilitate the jumping of signals from one node to another. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the neuron is primarily responsible for receiving signals?

Dendrites Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Sodium-Potassium Pump?

To create electrical gradients by pumping sodium out and potassium into the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a semipermeable membrane?

A membrane that selectively allows certain substances to pass while excluding others. Signup and view all the answers

How does the electrical gradient inside a neuron compare to the outside?

It is more negative inside than outside. Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the rush of sodium ions into the neuron?

The opening of voltage-gated sodium channels. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the neuron carries signals away from the cell body?

Axon Signup and view all the answers

What analogy is used to describe the signal transmission mechanism in a neuron?

A snowball rolling down a hill. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary goals of pharmacotherapy for alcohol addiction?

Help with withdrawal symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is specifically an opioid antagonist used in treating alcohol addiction?

Naltrexone Signup and view all the answers

What type of alcoholic typically starts drinking at an older age, typically around 20 or older?

Type A Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is considered more effective than either naltrexone or acamprosate used alone?

Combination therapy of naltrexone and acamprosate Signup and view all the answers

Comorbidity in the context of alcohol addiction may include which of the following conditions?

Anxiety Signup and view all the answers

Which preventative measure is NOT typically employed to reduce excessive drinking on campuses?

Marketing alcohol brands Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of SSRIs in the treatment of alcohol addiction?

They increase serotonin levels in the system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a sign of alcohol addiction?

Drinking is limited to weekends Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that drug tolerance develops over time?

The target receptors become less responsive after repeated exposure. Signup and view all the answers

What type of tolerance occurs due to environmental cues and behavior conditioning?

Contingent tolerance Signup and view all the answers

What happens during metabolic tolerance?

The body produces more CP450 enzymes. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of the skull allowed for increased brain development?

The skull began to thin out as brain space was needed. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of convolution in the brain's structure?

To increase the surface area without enlarging the skull. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the body has adapted to a drug and withdrawal symptoms arise upon discontinuation?

Dependence is established. Signup and view all the answers

Why might a person experience stronger effects from a drug in a new environment?

They have built a lower tolerance in unfamiliar settings. Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation does the brain undergo to manage the increase of surface area through convolution?

Folding its surface to allow more neurons. Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels during the action potential process?

A positive change in membrane potential Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of events in synaptic transmission?

Synthesis, Storage, Release, Binding, Reuptake Signup and view all the answers

What role do voltage-gated potassium channels play during the action potential process?

They help return the membrane potential to its resting state. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the synaptic cleft in synaptic transmission?

To provide a space for neurotransmitter binding Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the neurotransmitters after they bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron?

They are either reuptaken or broken down. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of exocytosis in neurotransmission?

To release neurotransmitter contents into the synaptic cleft Signup and view all the answers

What type of ion influx occurs when voltage-gated sodium channels open?

Sodium ions into the cell Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the neuron releases neurotransmitters?

Presynaptic neuron Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pharmacokinetics

The time course of a drug's actions, describes how it gets into the body, where it goes, how it is broken down, and how it is eliminated.
C max: maximum drug concentration in the body.
C min: minimum drug concentration in the body.
Therapeutic range: the concentration of a drug in the blood that produces the desired effect without being toxic
Toxic range: the concentration of a drug in the blood that can cause adverse effects or overdose.

Drug Administration

Enteral: Oral and rectal administration.
Parenteral: Inhalation, mucous membranes, transdermal patches, and injections.
Oral: Pill coating is needed for gastric intestinal resistance. Liquid form dissolves faster than tablets or capsules.
Rectal: Administrated through suppository, used in restricted conditions, poor absorption parameters.
Inhalation: Rapid exchange between lungs and blood, rapid delivery to the brain.
Mucous Membranes: Absorbed through the mucous membranes directly into the bloodstream.
Transdermal Patch: Continuous, controlled release.

Drug Tolerance and Dependence

Drug Tolerance: The body adapts, requiring more of the drug for the same effect.
Metabolic Tolerance: Increased production of CP450, making your body better at breaking down the drug.
Pharmacodynamic Tolerance: Receptor down-regulation, the target in the body becomes less responsive.
Contingent Tolerance: Behavioral conditioning, tolerance built within a specific setting.

Drug Dependence

The body has adapted and needs the drug to function normally; withdrawal symptoms occur without the drug.

Brain Development and Structure

The relationship between skull and brain is dynamic; the skull thinning to accommodate brain growth.
Convolution and folding increase brain surface area without increasing skull size.

Membrane Structure

Phospholipid Bilayer: Cell membrane composed of a double layer of phospholipid molecules.
Hydrophilic Head: Water-loving part of the phospholipid molecule.
Hydrophobic Tails: Water-hating part of the phospholipid molecule.
Semipermeable Membrane: Allows certain substances to pass while blocking others.

Ions Channels and Proteins

Ion Channels: Transport ions across the cell membrane.
Proteins: Crucial in cellular functions, including signaling and transport.

Neuron Components

Cell Body: Contains the nucleus, central part of the neuron.
Axon: Carries signal away from the cell body.
Dendrites: Receive signals from other neurons.
Axon Terminal: End of the axon, transmits signals to other neurons.

Myelin Sheath and Node of Ranvier

Myelin Sheath: Insulating fatty substance covering the axon.
Nodes of Ranvier: Gaps in the myelin sheath, allowing signal transmission.

Ion Concentration and Gradient

Sodium (Na+): More concentrated outside the cell.
Potassium (K+): More concentrated inside the cell.
Sodium-Potassium Pump: Actively pumps sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.

Electrical Gradient

Inside of the cell is more negative than the outside.

Signal Transmission

The neuron's signal is like a snowball rolling downhill, with the sodium-potassium pump creating the potential energy.
Action Potential: Rapid change in electrical charge that propagates the signal down the neuron.

Voltage-Gated Ion Channels

Voltage-gated Sodium Channels: Open when the membrane potential becomes more positive, allowing sodium influx.
Voltage-gated Potassium Channels: Open when the membrane potential becomes more positive, allowing potassium efflux.

Action Potential Process

Stimulus causes sodium channels to open, sodium influx.
Membrane potential becomes more positive.
Potassium channels open, potassium efflux.
Membrane potential returns to resting state.
Action potential travels down the axon.

Synaptic Transmission

Process of signal transmission between two neurons.
Synapse: Junction between neurons.
Synaptic Cleft: Gap between neurons.
Presynaptic Neuron: Releases neurotransmitters.
Postsynaptic Neuron: Receives neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitter: Chemical messenger between neurons.
Steps of Neurotransmission: Synthesis, Storage, Release, Binding, Reuptake.
Vesicle: Membrane-bound sac containing neurotransmitters.
Exocytosis: Vesicle fuses with the presynaptic membrane and releases neurotransmitters.

Exocytosis and Endocytosis

Exocytosis: Release of neurotransmitters from the vesicle into the synapse.

Pharmacotherapy for Alcohol Addiction

Reverse acute effects of alcohol.
Help with withdrawal symptoms.
Maintain abstinence.

Comorbidity and Treatment

Comorbidity: Presence of other conditions alongside alcohol addiction.
Treatment: Medications (antidepressants) and therapy.

Medications for Alcoholism

Naltrexone: Opioid antagonist, reduces alcohol's pleasurable effects.
Acamprosate: GABA agonist, inhibits glutamate receptors, mimicking alcohol's effects without negative consequences.
Combination Therapy: Naltrexone and acamprosate together are more effective than either alone.

Other Medications Used in Therapy

Wellbutrin: Dopaminergic agent, activates dopamine reward pathway.
SSRIs: Increase serotonin levels.
Buspar: Serotonin 5-HT1A agonist.
Zofran: Serotonin 3A antagonist.

Types of Alcoholics

Type A: Later onset heavy drinkers, starting at age 20 or older.
Type B: Early onset drinkers, starting at age 13-14 years old.

Signs of Addiction

Interference with work or school.
Compromised health or diet.
Negative consequences due to drinking.

Preventative Measures

Preventative campaigns.
Counselling services.
Campus regulations.

Challenges

Accessibility of alcohol off-campus.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the essential concepts of pharmacokinetics and various methods of drug administration. This quiz covers key topics such as drug concentration, therapeutic and toxic ranges, and the differences between enteral and parenteral routes. Perfect for students in pharmacy or healthcare-related fields.

PSYC 3403 - Quiz - Midterm

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