Pharmacokinetics and Drug Administration

• Drugs are chemical agents used for prevention, treatment, or disease diagnosis.
• The use of drugs dates back to ancient Egyptian times.
• Many drugs were originally derived from natural sources like plants and minerals.
• Most drugs that were previously sourced from nature are now mass-produced synthetically.

Pharmacokinetics

• Pharmacokinetics describes how drugs pass through the body, involving four key processes.
• Absorption refers to how the drug enters the body.
• Distribution indicates where the drug travels within the body.
• Metabolism describes how the drug is broken down and processed.
• Elimination refers to how the drug is excreted (e.g., urine, feces).
• Pharmacodynamics describes the actions or effects that the drug has on the body.
• Pharmacokinetics is how the drug moves through the body.
• Pharmacodynamics is what the drug does to the body.
• Drugs can be administered orally, by injection, inhalation, or topically.

Methods of Drug Administration

• Common methods include oral, inhalation, and intramuscular (injection into a muscle).
• Other methods include intradermal (into the skin), intranasal (through the nose), intravenous (IV, into a vein), intrathecal/intraspinal (into the spine).
• Other methods include rectal (through the rectum), sublingual/buccal (under the tongue/cheek), transdermal (through the skin), topical (applied to the skin surface), and intra-articular (into a joint).
• Internal methods are delivered inside the body, such as oral, intravenous, and intramuscular.
• External methods are applied outside the body, such as topical and transdermal.
• Drugs must dissolve before absorption can occur.
• Absorption rate and extent depend on the chemical characteristics of the drug, the dosage, and the gastric emptying time.

Bioavailability

• Bioavailability refers to how completely a drug is absorbed by the system.
• Only a portion of the ingested drug is fully absorbed; the unused portion is excreted.
• Drugs need to reach a target site or receptor within the tissue through various transport centers.
• After absorption, drugs are transported through the blood to the target tissue.
• Most metabolism takes place in the liver, while others occur in the blood and kidneys.
• Hepatic enzymes break down drugs into metabolites.
• The liver helps detoxify active agents. Some metabolites can be toxic to the body.
• Most drugs go through a "first pass effect," where the drug is metabolized in the liver before reaching the bloodstream.

Elimination

• Kidneys are the main organ responsible for excretion.
• The kidneys filter out drugs through a filtration process.
• Drugs can be reabsorbed during this process.
• The remaining drug material is excreted through urine.
• Other excretion methods: saliva, sweat, breast milk, tears, skin, and hair.
• Drugs can sometimes be reabsorbed through these different excretion pathways.
• Half-life refers to the amount of time required for the plasma drug level to be reduced by one half.
• Half-life can be measured in minutes, hours, or days, depending on the drug.
• Dosage recommendations on medication labels are based on the drug's half-life.

Drug Movement in the Body

• Administration involves enteral routes through the mouth and digestive system, or parenteral routes through the skin (injection).
• Absorption rates are influenced by dissolution rate, surface area, blood flow, and lipid solubility.
• Distribution occurs via blood to target tissues and is influenced by blood flow and overall vascular health.
• Metabolism is the breakdown of the drug into metabolites, primarily in the liver, and by other hepatic enzymes.
• Liver health can affect the efficiency of drug metabolism.
• Excretion involves the elimination of unused drugs, mainly through the kidneys (urine).
• One excretion methods is sweat, saliva, feces, breast milk, tears, skin, and hair.
• Each step in pharmacokinetics impacts the drug's concentration in the body.
• Health conditions can affect how drugs are absorbed, metabolized, and excreted.
• A same drug can affect different people differently.
• Exercise decreases a drug's absorption after oral administration.
• Exercise increases absorption after intramuscular or subcutaneous administration due to the increased rate of blood flow.
• Exercise influences the quantity of a drug that reaches a receptor site.
• Therapists should consider the timing of drug administration of a drug relative to physical activity.
• Side effects of drugs should be noted (e.g., drowsiness from cold medications) before competition.
• Understanding drug effects helps ensure athlete safety and athletic performance.
• Therapists need to be educated on pharmacokinetics and how exercise affects drug action.
• Awareness of drug interactions with physical activity is something a therapist should be aware of for medication timing and safety.
• Administering a drug means providing a single dose of medication
• Dispensing medication is providing a quantity of drugs for multiple doses.
• Only licensed professionals can prescribe or dispense prescription drugs.
• Athletic Therapists cannot administer or/and dispense medications.
• Doctors/Nurse Practitioners are authorized to administer or prescribe medications.
• Pharmacists are responsible for dispensing medications.
• Athletes can self-administer both prescription and over-the-counter medications.
• Athletic therapists cannot administer or dispense medications.
• Therapists may carry medications under physician-directed protocols.
• Therapists may carry medications, but therapists cannot dispense them directly to athletes.
• Prescription is is generally a clear "no" for therapists to handle or administer.
• Exceptions like EpiPens and inhalers can be prearranged with consent.

Safety and Security of Medications

• Do not store medications in checked luggage, bring it with you to avoid its loss.
• One should pack a sufficient supply of medications cover emergencies or delays.
• One should ensure there are extra dosages of medications for extra coverage.
• Bring copies of written prescriptions to get medication refilled abroad
• Do not transfer medications to unmarked containers.
• Understand International Restrictions
• Check the laws and regulations of the laws to ensure you aren's breaking the law
• Such products can be food suppliments, or medicine from your home country, if they are not allowed you can encounter legal issues with it
• Helps with identification and avoids misunderstandings at security checkpoints.
• Check the laws and regulations of the country regarding medications and supplements.
• Includes items like protein powders and over-the-counter drugs
• Diuretics increase the excretion of urine.
• Antipyretics reduce body temperature.
• Antibiotics kill bacteria or inhibit their growth.
• Analgesics are pain-relieving drugs.
• Anesthetics produce local or general numbness.
• Anti-inflammatories reduce or control inflammation.
• Narcotics produce analgesic or hypnotic effects.
• Emetics cause vomiting.
• Stimulants excite the central nervous system.
• Antitussives inhibit or prevent coughing.
• Antibiotics kill bacteria or inhibit their growth.
• One can use an Anesthesiologist as an example who administers general anesthetics to induce sleep.
• Tylenol is an example of Antipyretics (used for fever reduction).
• Knowing each drug classification and their functions is key to preparing for exams and quizzes.
• Common drugs used: Aspirin, Tylenol, Advil, Aleve, Benadryl, Pepto-Bismal.
• Brand names are company names (e.g., Tylenol).
• Generic names are the actual drug names (e.g., Acetaminophen).
• Aspirin has the generic Name: Acetylsalicylic Acid, it's Uses: Analgesic (pain relief), Antipyretic (fever reducer), and Anti-inflammatory, with the Cautions: Gastric irritation, nausea, and bleeding.
• Tylenol's generic Name: is Acetaminophen, its Uses: are Analgesic, and Antipyretic, with the Cautions: of Liver toxicity and liver damage with acute overdose.
• Advil has the generic Name: Ibuprofen with the Uses: Analgesic, Antipyretic, and Anti-inflammatory. Also Cautions: has Gastric irritation, and renal effects.
• Aleve has the generic Name: of Naproxen, its Uses: are that it's Analgesic, Anti Pyretic, and Anti-inflammatory. Also it has the Cautions: of Gastric irritation and renal effects.
• Benadryl's generic Name is Diphenhydramine, and its Uses: Antihistamine with the Caution: of causing drowiness and a dry mouth.
• With Pepto Bismol its generic Name: of Bismuth Subsalicylate, its Uses: Anti-diarrheal and its Caution is that it may cause abdominal discomfort (generally safe).
• Antiseptics are Substances used on living tissue to kill bacteria, Alcohol, Hydrogen Peroxide are good Examples
• Disinfectants combat microorganisms but applied to non-living objects and use Bleach, Hydrogen Peroxide and Alcohol as Examples
• Germicides: Kill bacteria.
• Fungicides: Kill fungi.
• Sporicides: Kill spores.
• Sanitizers: Minimize microorganism contamination.
• Skin Disinfection is Skin cleaned with a cotton swab dipped in 70% alcohol before procedures like drawing or administering injections.
• Antibiotics interfere with the metabolism of bacteria and are useful in skin and systemic infections, however the Overuse can lead to microorganism resistance.
• Analgesic Drugs are medications that inhibit pain
• Effective in pain by Decreasing the excitatory effect on an action potential

Types of Pain-Relieving Medications

• Topical Creams and Ointments that contain Liniments or Balms.
• E.g. Tiger Balm, Icy Hot, A535.
• Drugs that have side effects include side effects are nausea, vomiting or dizzyness
• Common drugs are topical counterirritants and are good for minor bumps and bruising
• Narcotics: Are derived from opium or synthetic opiates
• Most Narcotic medicines tend to depress pain impulses and the respiratory centre
• Codeine and Morphine are examples
• Non-narcotic analgesics are preferred because they lack addictive qualities.
• Gl issues should be avoided using these drugs
• NSAIDs also are A category of drugs, with fewer Gl problems
• Acetaminophen (Tylenol):
• Provides pain relief and reduces fever
• Generally well-tolerated but Overuse can cause liver damage.

Drugs to reduce inflammation

• Aspirin:
• Widely used but can is gastrointestinal bleeding, ringing in the ears, Reye's Syndrom, delays blood clotting
• Gl issues should be avoided using these drugs
• Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis; they're effective for the treatment of arthritis They can have side effects such as as Gastrointestinal bleeding / ulceration or Headache's
• Corticosteroids (cortisone/prednisone): Used for chronic inflammation of musculo-skeletal or joint, but Prolong usage leads to Fluid retention, Dermatological problems, Endocrine Dysfunctions and Opthalmic conditions.
• Be aware of athlete medication use during blood clotting for safety.
• Therapists should be aware of the signs of potential substance abuse by paying attention to behaviour
• Therapists need to support and know about the legal actions of the medicine they are dispensing
• Misuse of prescribed medications can have negative consequences for the person
• Therapists should be aware of the signs and causes for steroid use, and can have adverse effects
• Athletes can be doping without other team staff being aware, if an issue is suspected it should be raised
• Misuse of prescription drugs is possible in sports, and causes a need for proper drug testing
• One needs to report concerns about doping activity to ensure athletes are not facing unfair practices or are struggling to maintain good health
• Performance-Enhancing Substances Often used to boost alertness, reduce fatigue, and enhance competitiveness.
• Steroids promote protein synthesis and bone maturation
• Steroids are for increase nitrogen retention leading to protein synthesis, causing increased muscle mass and weight, general growth, and bone maturation

Drug Testing

• Testing for Drugs in sports is Mandatory and random, and identifies Athletes to stop abuse of the above drugs
• Athletes can have medical conditions that make doping necessary for their health, there is still risk of their abuse
• There can be pressure from teams and sponsors to put people on steroids so it's critical to know when to say no
• Doping systems can be corrupt at high levels and should be known
• Doping is the use of un ethical substances for a competitive advantage
• The video is about the ongoing topic involving the abuse of un ethical substance in the sports and how it gives the abuser an unfair and massive advantage
• In many modern sports there is doping, anabolic steroids, and general blood abuse for doping that should be avoided
• Doping regulations exist and countries/ teams can face legal challenges
• Russia was banned from the olympics because of their state sponsored drug program.

Learn about drugs as chemical agents used for prevention, treatment, or disease diagnosis. Explore pharmacokinetics, which describes how drugs pass through the body, involving absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Discover common methods of drug administration, including oral, injection, inhalation, and topical.