Pharmacognosy: Scope and History
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Questions and Answers

Who coined the term 'pharmacognosy'?

  • World Health Organization
  • C.A. Seydler (correct)
  • C.S. Lewis
  • Ayurveda

    • Pharmacognosy focuses only on the chemical characteristics of crude drugs.

    False

    What percentage of the world population relies on herbal medicines for primary health care according to the WHO?

    80%

    The term 'pharmacognosy' is derived from the Greek words 'pharmakon' meaning drug and '_____' meaning knowledge.

    <p>gnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following crude drugs with their uses:

    <p>Senna = Purgative Digitalis = Cardiotonic Rauwolfia = Antihypertensive Aloe = Laxative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following systems of medicine is NOT mentioned in the content?

    <p>Acupuncture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pharmacognosy includes the study of both the historical and the contemporary aspects of medicinal plants.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one alternative system of medicine that is included in the content.

    <p>Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Homeopathy, Chinese, Kampo, Aromatherapy, Naturopathy, Yoga</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pharmacognosy primarily study?

    <p>The properties of drugs from natural sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pharmacognosy only examines the medicinal effects of drugs without considering their physical properties.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one field that pharmacognosy links to pharmaceuticals.

    <p>Medicinal chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pharmacognosy involves the study of their _________, cultivation, and quality control.

    <p>drug sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pharmacognosy components with their definitions:

    <p>Synonyms = Different names for the same drug Bioassay Guided Fractionation = Technique for isolating phytochemicals based on potency Phytochemistry = Study of plant chemistry Adulterants = Substances that reduce the quality of a drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component involved in pharmacognostical studies?

    <p>Ethnobotany</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pharmacognosy has no impact on the process of natural drug discovery.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the advancement of natural and physical sciences according to pharmacognosy?

    <p>Technology advancements in drug extraction and identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of aromatherapy?

    <p>Pain relief and anxiety management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is categorized as a fixed oil?

    <p>Castor oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aromatherapy is only effective when used alone without any additional therapies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nux-vomica is classified under purgatives.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who coined the term 'Naturopathy' and in what year?

    <p>John Scheel, 1895</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one plant that is classified as a CNS stimulant.

    <p>Nux-vomica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dried juice of ______ is known for its medicinal properties.

    <p>aloes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aromatherapy utilizes __________ for treatment or prevention of certain diseases.

    <p>essential oils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plants with their classification:

    <p>Digitalis = Cardio tonics Fennel = Carminatives Taxol = Anti-cancer Cinchona = Barks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the modes of application in aromatherapy with their purposes:

    <p>Aerial diffusion = Mood elevation and treatment of headaches Direct inhalation = Respiratory diseases Topical applications = Skin rejuvenation and treatment Vaporiser = Inhalation of aromas or medicated oils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fruits is an example used in pharmacognosy?

    <p>Coriander</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mode of application in aromatherapy?

    <p>Balneotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemical classification relies solely on the therapeutic effects of the plants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Naturopathy emphasizes treatment over prevention.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Provide one example of a resin used in pharmacognosy.

    <p>Balsam of tolu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence exists regarding the efficacy of essential oils in aromatherapy?

    <p>Some evidence of therapeutic potential, but lacks rigorous studies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following parameters is NOT involved in the pharmacognostic study of crude drugs?

    <p>Marketing strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    About 25% of the drugs prescribed worldwide come from plants.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tests are conducted to identify crude drugs and their chemistry?

    <p>Chemical tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ is the oldest source of drugs.

    <p>Plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the cultivation, collection, and preparation for market?

    <p>Climate and fertilizers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pharmacognostic parameters with their descriptions:

    <p>Biological source = Genus, species, and family History = Discovery of crude drug Uses and pharmacological actions = Various therapeutic applications Quality control and standardization = Establish qualitative and quantitative standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    11% of drugs considered basic and essential by WHO are exclusively of plant origin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of studying adulterants and commercial varieties in pharmacognostics?

    <p>Quality control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharmacognosy: Scope and History

    • Pharmacognosy is the scientific study of crude drugs, focusing on their structural, physical, chemical, and biological properties.
    • The term "pharmacognosy" was coined in 1815 by C.A. Seydler, combining the Greek words "pharmakon" (drug) and "gnosis" (knowledge).
    • The American Society of Pharmacognosy defines pharmacognosy as the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical, and biological properties of drugs, drug substances, or potential drugs of natural origin.

    Alternative Systems of Medicine

    • Ayurveda: An ancient Indian system of medicine emphasizing holistic health, using herbs, minerals, and lifestyle practices.
    • Siddha: A traditional Tamil medicinal system with roots in Ayurveda and focusing on the body's energy channels (nadis).
    • Unani: A system of medicine originating in ancient Greece and practiced in many Muslim-majority countries incorporating elements of Ayurveda and Greek medicine.
    • Homeopathy: A system of medicine based on the principle "like cures like," employing diluted substances to stimulate the body's healing response.
    • Chinese Medicine: A traditional system based on the principles of yin and yang, using acupuncture, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
    • Kampo Medicine: A Japanese system of traditional medicine adapting Chinese medicine principles and therapies.
    • Aromatherapy: A form of alternative medicine utilizing essential oils extracted from plants for therapeutic purposes, focusing on pain, anxiety, and hair or skin-related conditions.
    • Naturopathy: A system of medicine emphasizing prevention through healthy lifestyle practices, a balanced diet, and stress management, aiming to enhance the body's natural healing abilities.
    • Yoga: A system of physical, mental, and spiritual practices originating in ancient India, promoting flexibility, balance, and overall well-being.

    Crude Drug Classification

    • Alphabetical Classification: Arranging drugs alphabetically, useful for quick reference but not based on scientific principles.
    • Morphological Classification: Grouping drugs based on their physical appearance (organized, unorganized, or parts of a plant). Organized drugs are easily identifiable (e.g., leaves, flowers, roots) while unorganized drugs lack structure (e.g., gums, resins).
    • Taxonomic Classification: Categorizing drugs based on their botanical origin, helping to identify species and potential for medicinal applications.
    • Biological or Pharmacological Classification: Grouping drugs based on their similar therapeutic effects or pharmacological activities, but does not provide information on chemistry or taxonomy.
    • Chemical Classification: Categorizing based on the primary chemical constituents present in the drugs, offering insights into potential pharmacological actions.
    • Chemotaxonomic Classification: Combining chemical and taxonomic properties to understand the evolutionary relationships between plants and their active compounds.
    • Serotaxonomical Classification: Classifying plants based on their serological reactions, using immune system responses to identify species.

    Sources of Crude Drugs

    • Plant: Plants are the oldest and still primary source of many drugs.
    • Animal: While less common, animal sources provide some essential drugs (e.g., insulin from pig pancreas).
    • Mineral: Minerals (like iron, zinc, and magnesium) are crucial for human health and may be included in medications or supplements.

    Pharmacognosy: Scope and Impact

    • Advancement of Science: Pharmacognosy has contributed significantly to the advancement of natural, physical, and pharmaceutical sciences.
    • Modernization of Cultivation: Knowledge gained from pharmacognosy has led to improvements in cultivating medicinal plants, ensuring quality control and meeting demand.
    • New Drug Discoveries: Pharmacognosy forms a vital link between pharmacology and medicinal chemistry, aiding in the isolation of purified natural drugs for potential therapeutic use.
    • Quality Control and Standardization: Establishing quality control procedures and standards for crude drugs is crucial for ensuring the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines.
    • Economic Impact: Pharmacognosy plays a role in understanding the economic aspects of herbal industries by focusing on the market potential of various crude drugs.
    • Global Health: The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes the importance of herbal medicines, estimating that 80% of the world's population relies on them for primary healthcare.

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    Pharmacognosy: Scope and History PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of pharmacognosy, the scientific study of crude drugs. Learn about its origins, key definitions, and how various traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda and Siddha contribute to this field. This quiz will deepen your understanding of the significance and applications of pharmacognosy.

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