Pharmacognosy I Overview
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Questions and Answers

What does pharmacognosy primarily study?

  • The chemical synthesis of new medications
  • Bioactive compounds from various biological sources (correct)
  • Synthetic drug development techniques
  • The economic impact of pharmaceutical drugs

Who was the first to use the term 'pharmacognosy'?

  • Avicenna
  • Anotheus Seydler
  • Johann Adam Schmidt (correct)
  • Erich Grotewold

During which period did Avicenna publish 'The Canon of Medicine'?

  • Renaissance
  • Ancient Greece
  • Dark Ages (correct)
  • Medieval Period

Which civilization is known to have documented medicinal plants around 2,600 B.C.E.?

<p>Mesopotamian (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a focus area of pharmacognosy?

<p>Developing diagnostic imaging techniques (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant aspect of herbs is highlighted in the content?

<p>Their therapeutic history dating back to ancient times (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a correct statement regarding the historical timeline of pharmacognosy?

<p>Herbal treatments have origins that trace back to ancient civilizations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Avicenna play in the history of pharmacognosy?

<p>He coordinated and published existing medical knowledge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should the flowers of a plant be collected for the best quality?

<p>Before they fully open or in buds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate timing for collecting underground parts of a plant?

<p>After drying the aerial parts of the plant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant medical use is associated with Quinine?

<p>Anti-malarial drug (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led to the introduction of Chloroquine in 1945?

<p>The first case of drug resistance in 1910 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following steps is recommended for collecting leaves?

<p>Collecting them when the plant is blooming (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a medicinal plant according to the World Health Organization?

<p>Plant varieties that can prevent or cure diseases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes phytotherapy?

<p>Treatment with herbs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is considered a nutraceutical?

<p>Lycopene from tomatoes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT considered an herbal medicine?

<p>Extracted galantamine from plants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant contribution did Sertürner make in 1805?

<p>Isolation of morphine from Papaver somniferum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can affect the effectiveness of herbal preparations?

<p>Growing conditions and preparation methods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might standardization of herbal preparations be challenging?

<p>The active compounds can be unknown or vary significantly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant was identified by William Withering for its medicinal properties?

<p>Digitalis purpurea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes bioprospecting?

<p>Systematic search for useful products derived from bioresources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes food supplements from nutraceuticals?

<p>Food supplements have lower amounts of active components. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a common action taken regarding herbal preparations in Scandinavia, England, and America?

<p>Removal from drug lists (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is known as the 'prince of physicians' in the Latin West?

<p>Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Pelletier and Caventou accomplish in the early 1820s?

<p>Identified caffeine from Camelia sinensis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the beginning of the isolation of active compounds from plants?

<p>Isolation of morphine by Sertürner (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about herbal drog is accurate?

<p>They are parts of medicinal plants used for medicinal purposes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1947 for his work related to morphine?

<p>Robert Robinson (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forms of therapy are primarily recommended for treating quinine-resistant malaria?

<p>Combination therapy with artemesinoids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of dihydroartemisinin in the treatment of malaria?

<p>It is the active metabolite of artemisinin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which percentage of FDA-approved small molecules are synthetic compounds inspired by natural products?

<p>26% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been the impact of the discovery of artemisinin on global public health since 2000?

<p>It has saved around 10 million lives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category has the least representation among FDA-approved small molecules according to the provided data?

<p>Botanical mixture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly affects the structure and amount of active substances in medicinal plants?

<p>Soil selection based on water retention (A), Time of day for harvest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best practice for drying medicinal plant materials to maintain active ingredients?

<p>Controlled drying with minimal moisture loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can lead to the degradation of active substances in dried medicinal plants?

<p>Exposure to moisture and heat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for shredding or peeling certain plant materials before drying?

<p>To prevent difficulties in processing after drying (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to ensure stabilization of plant materials after harvest?

<p>Completely destroy enzymes through drying (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an effect of the collection time on active substances in plants?

<p>Changes the qualitative composition of substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For optimal growth of Lavandula spicata, which soil condition should be avoided?

<p>Wet, calcareous soil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of climate on the growth of medicinal plants?

<p>Influences the type of medicinal substances produced (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pharmacognosy Definition

The study of bioactive compounds from biological sources (plants, animals, microorganisms, marine products), including raw drug materials used as excipients.

Pharmacognosy Origin

The term 'pharmacognosy' was first used in the early 1800s, coined during historical documentation of medicinal plants.

Early Medicinal Plant Use

Humans have used medicinal plants for treatment long before written records.

Mesopotamian & Egyptian Records

Early civilizations like Mesopotamia and Egypt had documentation on medicinal plants dating back several millennia.

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Chinese & Indian Plant Records

Ancient methods and records of medicinal use of plants existed in China and India, as early as 1000 BCE.

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Greek and Roman Plant Use

Further development of plant knowledge on plant use for treatment developed in Greek and Roman cultures circa 500 BCE.

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Avicenna's Canon of Medicine

A medieval physician (Avicenna) compiled a 5-volume medical reference, The Canon of Medicine, that integrated existing knowledge of the time.

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Historical Pharmacognosy

From ancient records to modern advancements, pharmacognosy documents the use of natural products in medicine.

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Avicenna

A prominent 11th-century physician and philosopher; known for medical knowledge, also known as Ibn Sina.

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Morphine Isolation

The process of extracting morphine from opium poppies (Papaver somniferum).

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Pyhtochemistry

Study of chemical constituents of plants, especially medicinal ones.

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Quinine Isolation

Isolation of quinine from Cinchona species.

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Caffeine isolation

Extraction of caffeine from coffee and tea plants.

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Microscopic Diagnosis

Diagnosing plant-based medicines or herbal mixtures using microscopy.

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Bioprospecting

Systematic search for useful substances from natural sources.

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Herbal Drog

Parts of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine.

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Medicinal Plant

A plant variety that can cure or prevent diseases, or provide starting materials for medicines.

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Phytotherapy

Treatment using herbs.

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Phytotherapeutic Products

Products made from herbs used for treatment.

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Active Substances

Effective components from plants, in pharmaceutical form.

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Food Supplements

Products to supplement normal diet, plant or animal origin.

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Nutraceuticals

Substances with high amounts of effective food components.

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Herbal Preparation Standardization

Ensuring consistent quality and effect in herbal products.

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Herbal Preparation Variability

Different growing, collection, and processing methods affect the results of herbal products.

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Plant Growing Conditions

Soil type, preparation, and climate (temperature, light, and rainfall) impact plant growth and active substance content.

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Collection Time

Active substance amounts and types in plants can vary by season and even time of day.

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Drying Methods

Drying halts enzyme reactions, preventing active ingredient changes during storage.

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Drying Time & Temperature

Optimal drying time and temperature are crucial to protect plant's active compounds.

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Storage Conditions

Proper storage (cool, dry, dark conditions) prevents moisture damage, heat-induced changes, and light degradation to preserved active compounds.

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Enzyme Stabilization

Enzyme activity, which might continue after harvest, must be halted through stabilization methods.

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Medicinal Plant Active Compounds

The chemical composition of medicinal plants is influenced significantly by environmental factors and processing procedures.

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Alkaloid Biosynthesis

The production of alkaloids in plants (like Papaver somniferum) follows a sequence with varying concentrations of compounds at different times.

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Plant Collection Rules

Specific times and conditions for harvesting plant parts (leaves, flowers, roots, etc.) to maintain quality and optimal active compound content.

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Modified Natural Products

Active compounds isolated from natural sources (often plants) that later undergo alterations in a lab, sometimes for enhanced effectiveness.

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Quinine's History

Quinine, an anti-malarial drug, was isolated from the Cinchona bark in the early 1800's and has since been modified by the development of new drugs facing growing drug resistance issues.

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Drug Resistance

The ability of a disease-causing organism (typically a parasite or bacteria) to no longer be affected by the effects of a specific drug used to cure it, growing over time.

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Optimal Plant Harvesting

Gathering plant parts at the right stage of growth or development, such as before bloom or after ripening, to maximize active compound content.

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Artemisinin's role in malaria treatment

Artemisinin, a natural compound, is now the standard treatment for quinine-resistant malaria when combined with other drugs.

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Standard of care for resistant malaria

Combination therapy with artemisinin is the current best treatment for malaria resistant to quinine.

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Mechanism of action of Artemisinin

This drug binds to proteins differently than other drugs, targeting distinct proteins in a different manner.

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Artemisinin's metabolite & activation

Artemisinin is metabolized into dihydroartemisinin, the active form of the drug. The metabolism changes its structure and function.

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Natural product drug modifications

Changing natural molecules to improve pharmaceutical properties, leading to the development of oral artesunate. 

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Study Notes

Pharmacognosy I

  • Course: PHA3114147
  • Instructor: Şule Nur KARAVUŞ
  • University: Istanbul Medipol University
  • Department: Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy
  • Email: [email protected]

Key Books

  • Jean Bruneton Pharmacognosy: Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants
  • Trease and Evans' Pharmacognosy
  • Pharmacognosy Fundamentals, Applications and Strategy S. Badal
  • The Science of Flavonoids Erich Grotewold
  • Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy E. Williamson, Michael Heinrich, Joanne Barnes, Simon Gibbons

Definition of Pharmacognosy

  • Branch of science that studies bioactive compounds from biological sources (plants, animals, microorganisms, and marine products)
  • Also includes raw drug materials used as drug excipients
  • Focuses on the study of biologically active natural products (like drugs), but NOT herbs

Timeline of Pharmacognosy

  • Earliest documentation: Sumerians and Akkadians (circa 3000 BCE)
  • Ebers Papyrus (Ancient Egypt, circa 1550 BCE): 110 pages and 2289 lines, mentioned 700 herbal, animal, and mineral drugs.
  • Egyptian hieroglyphics (Museum in Vienna)
  • Dioscorides: Greek physician in the armies of Nero and Vespasian. Traveled to Eastern countries and Anatolia; 5 books; information about 500 medicinal plants.
  • Materia Medica (1811 by J.A. Schmidt and 1815 by Anotheus Seydler): earliest use of the word "pharmacognosy"
  • Avicenna (Ibn Sina): Canon of Medicine (5 volumes), 12th-century Latin translation. Codified available medical knowledge.

Phytochemistry Development

  • 18th century: Synthesis of new drugs and purification of plant extracts for medicines
  • 1805: Sertürner isolated morphine from Papaver somniferum, commercialized by E. Merck, 1826
  • 1820 and 1821: Pelletier and Caventou isolated quinine from Cinchona and caffeine from Coffee and Camelia
  • 1775: Withering identified Digitalis purpurea for edema treatment, starting microscopic diagnosis of herbal drugs; 1997: Digitalis lanata causing poisoning mistook for other herbs
  • Robert Robinson: discovered morphine's molecular structure; Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1947)

Bioprospecting

  • Systematic search for useful products from bioresources (plants, microorganisms, animals)
  • Can be developed commercially, benefiting overall society. Phases, starting with sample collection (terrestrial or marine) leading to product development and testing, concluding with commercialization..

Definitions of Drugs/Herbal Preparations

  • Herbal drugs/drog: plant parts (leaves, flowers, roots) used medicinally
  • Medicinal plant: Defined by WHO in 1980 as plant varieties that treat or prevent diseases or are precursors to pharmaceutical synthesis
  • Phytotherapy: Treatment with herbs
  • Phytotherapeutic: General name for products (medicinal teas, herbal medicines) from herbs used for treatment.
  • Active substances: (galantamine, pilocarpine, ephedrine, etc.) often obtained from medicinal plants; prepared in pharmaceutical forms.
  • Food supplements: Products consumed to supplement normal nutrition with nutrients and/or physiological effects from tablets, capsules, etc.
  • Nutraceuticals: Foods or food components with biologically effective properties (e.g., lycopene in tomatoes, resveratrol in grape seed)

Standardization of Herbal Preparations

  • Obtaining consistent results requiring standardization
  • Active ingredients vary according to plant growing conditions, collection time, drying/storage methods, preparation methods
  • Current methods are insufficient for accurate active ingredient calculation
  • In some regions, herbal preparations were removed from drug lists due to variability

Plant Growth Factors

  • Growing conditions impact plant structure/quantity of active substances (e.g., soil type, preparation, climate)
  • Collection time affects quality/quantity of active compounds
  • Drying method/temperature/time prevents decomposition; some plants require pre-drying preparation before drying/harvesting
  • Storage conditions (avoid moisture, heat, light), preventing enzyme reactions, decomposition.

Modified Natural Products

  • Some natural products are modified (e.g., quinine, artemisinin) to address resistance issues (e.g., drug resistance, new treatment methods)

Small Molecule Approvals

  • Breakdown of FDA approvals over the last 40 years in different categories (synthetic chemistry-nature inspired, vaccines, antibodies, etc.)

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This quiz covers key concepts in Pharmacognosy I, including the definition, historical timeline, and essential texts related to the study of bioactive compounds from biological sources. Explore the fundamentals and applications of pharmacognosy in this comprehensive assessment designed for pharmacy students.

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