Pharmacognosy I: Flavonoid Biosynthesis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the significance of the Ebers Papyrus in the history of pharmacognosy?

  • It mentions about 700 herbal, animal, and mineral drugs. (correct)
  • It provides detailed formulas for the preparation of remedies.
  • It contains the first written documentation of drugs from natural products.
  • It lists approximately 800 individual drugs.

Which ancient physician traveled with armies and documented medicinal plants?

  • Gerard of Cremona
  • Dioscorides (correct)
  • Hippocrates
  • Sumerians

What is the main focus of Book 2 in the Canon of Medicine?

  • Special pathology
  • Formulary
  • General medical principles
  • Materia medica (correct)

Which of the following works contains information about 500 medicinal plants?

<p>Dioscorides’ Materia Medica (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was the Canon of Medicine translated into Latin?

<p>In the 12th century (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Formulary section of the Canon of Medicine address?

<p>Preparation of diverse remedies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which civilization is recognized for the earliest documentation of drugs from natural products?

<p>Sumerians (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Book 4 of the Canon of Medicine primarily discuss?

<p>Medical conditions affecting the entire body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pharmacognosy primarily concerned with?

<p>The study of bioactive compounds from natural sources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who first coined the term 'pharmacognosy'?

<p>Johann Adam Schmidt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what era did Avicenna coordinate existing medical knowledge?

<p>Dark Ages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the earliest recorded uses of medicinal plants?

<p>Ancient Egypt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a focus area of pharmacognosy?

<p>Synthetic drug development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major medical work did Avicenna publish?

<p>The Canon of Medicine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which civilization is believed to have used plants for medicinal purposes around 2600 B.C.E.?

<p>Mesopotamian (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of the study of pharmacognosy?

<p>It encompasses various biological sources including plants, animals, and microorganisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant contribution did Sertürner make in 1805?

<p>Isolated morphine from Papaver somniferum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant was identified by Dr. William Withering for its medicinal properties in 1775?

<p>Digitalis purpurea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best defines bioprospecting?

<p>A systematic search for useful products derived from bioresources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year did Pelletier & Caventou isolate caffeine from Coffee arabica?

<p>1821 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of Robert Robinson's research?

<p>Determination of the molecular structure of morphine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a part of a herbal drog?

<p>Seeds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of plant-derived medicines did the work of Dr. Withering contribute to?

<p>Microscopic diagnosis of herbal drugs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was an important outcome of the developments in chemistry in the 18th century?

<p>Synthesis of new drugs and purification of plant extracts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should flowers be collected from a medicinal plant?

<p>Before they are fully opened or in buds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct time to collect the shells of medicinal plants?

<p>After shedding its leaves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historical significance does quinine have?

<p>It is an anti-malarial drug isolated from Cinchona officinalis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can adversely affect the collection of leaves from medicinal plants?

<p>Rainy weather during collection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of events regarding drug resistance of quinine?

<p>Introduced in 1632, First resistance reported in 1910 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of artemisinin in the treatment of malaria?

<p>It is combined with other therapies to treat quinine-resistant malaria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important metabolic product of artemisinin that retains activity?

<p>Dihydroartemisinin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of small molecule approvals from the FDA is attributed to biologics?

<p>18% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor directly contributed to saving 10 million lives since 2000?

<p>The discovery and use of artemisinin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of small molecule approvals from the FDA is made up of botanical mixtures?

<p>1% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of soil selection on the growth of Medicinal Plants?

<p>Certain plants thrive in specific soil conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which period is the amount of codeine at its highest in Papaver somniferum?

<p>At noon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one important aspect of the drying process for medicinal plants?

<p>The drying method affects the qualitative and quantitative changes in active ingredients. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which storage condition is NOT recommended for dried medicinal plant material?

<p>In a warm area (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of stabilizing plant material after harvesting?

<p>To stop enzyme activities that can deteriorate the plant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT significantly affect the active substance content in medicinal plants?

<p>The color of leaves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a beneficial effect of properly drying medicinal plants?

<p>It prevents qualitative changes in active ingredients. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which material is NOT suitable for storing dried plant material?

<p>Plastic container (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pharmacognosy Definition

The study of bioactive compounds from biological sources like plants, animals, microorganisms, and marine products, as well as raw drug materials used in medicines.

Pharmacognosy Origin

The word "pharmacognosy" was first used in 1811 by Johann Adam Schmidt, an Austrian physician.

History of Pharmacognosy

The use of plants for medicinal purposes dates back to ancient times, with documentation from various civilizations, including Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Chinese, Indian, Greek, and Roman.

Early Documentation

Early records of medicinal plants exist from civilizations like Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and India.

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Avicenna's Contribution

Avicenna, in the medieval period, compiled a vast medical knowledge in his 'Canon of Medicine'.

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Plant Use in History

The use of plants for medicine predates written records, showcasing humanity's reliance on natural remedies.

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Biological Sources

Pharmacognosy examines bioactive compounds from various biological sources such as plants, animals, microorganisms and marine products.

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Raw Drug Materials

Pharmacognosy also studies raw materials used as drug excipients.

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Ancient Drug Knowledge

Early civilizations, like the Sumerians and Akkadians, documented the use of drugs from natural sources (around 3000 BC).

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Ebers Papyrus

An ancient Egyptian papyrus (around 1550 BC) with over 700 natural remedies.

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Dioscorides

A Greek physician who wrote about 500 medicinal plants, their uses and purity, in the 1st century AD.

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Vienna Codex

The oldest known copy of Dioscorides' work, preserved in Austria.

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Canon of Medicine

A significant medical compendium by the Islamic scholar, Ibn Sina (Avicenna) translated to Latin in the 12th century.

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Materia Medica (Canon)

A section of the Canon of Medicine, listing more than 800 drugs from plants, animals, and minerals.

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Ibn Sina (Avicenna)

Author of the Canon of Medicine, a major medical encyclopedia.

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Pharmacognosy History

The study of drugs from natural sources throughout history, tracing its evolution from ancient civilizations to modern times.

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Avicenna (Ibn Sina)

A prominent physician and philosopher of the Islamic Golden Age, known for his medical writings, particularly in pharmacology and medicine.

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Pharmacognosy - Development of phytochemistry

The study of plants for medicinal uses, focusing on the isolation and identification of active compounds for drug development.

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Morphine isolation

The 1805 isolation of morphine from opium poppy, a significant milestone in isolating active compounds from plants.

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Robert Robinson

A British chemist who determined the molecular structure of morphine.

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Quinine Isolation

The isolation of quinine from Cinchona species in 1820, a powerful medicine for malaria.

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Caffeine Isolation

The isolation of caffeine from coffee and tea plants in 1821. Showing how important plant chemistry is to drug discovery research.

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Digitalis and Withering

Dr. William Withering's 1775 identification of Digitalis purpurea for edema treatment, marking early use of microscopic diagnosis in pharmacology.

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Bioprospecting

The systematic search for useful products from nature (plants, microorganisms, animals), especially focusing on developing medicines and other useful products.

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Plant Collection Time

Different plant parts should be collected at specific stages of growth to maximize active substance content and maintain quality.

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Quinine Resistance

Quinine, an anti-malarial drug isolated from Cinchona bark, has developed resistance over time.

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Cinchona officinalis

A plant that produces quinine, an important anti-malarial medicine.

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Modified Natural Products

Natural substances that are chemically altered/processed to enhance their effectiveness.

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Drug Resistance

An evolving issue in anti-malarial medications; pathogens becoming resistant to treatment.

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Plant Growing Conditions

Soil type, preparation, climate (temperature, light, rain) affect plant growth and active substance levels.

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Collection Time

Active compounds in a plant can vary based on time of year and day.

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Drying Methods

Drying halts enzymatic activity preventing active substance degradation.

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Drying Time/Temperature

Proper drying time and temperature ensure minimal active compound changes.

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Storage Conditions

Storing dried plant materials in cool, dry, and dark environments preserves active compounds

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Plant Material Stabilization

Inactivating enzymes to stop further breakdown and changes of active constituents after harvesting.

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Soil Type and Plant Type

Different plants have specific soil requirements for optimal growth

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Active Compound Variation

The amount and types of active compounds can differ depending on various factors like growing conditions, harvest time and processing methods.

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Artemisinin's Role in Malaria

Artemisinin, a natural compound, and its derivatives (artemisininoids) are now the standard treatment for malaria, overcoming quinine resistance. They act in a different way than quinine, using different proteins.

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Artemisinin Metabolism

Artemisinin is metabolized into dihydroartemisinin, the active form of the drug.

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Drug Modification

Modifying natural products like artemisinin can improve their effectiveness as drugs, like making an orally active drug from artemisinin.

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Natural Product Drug Discovery

Many drugs approved by the FDA over the last 40 years are inspired by natural products, used as models, or based on elements found in nature. Nature's chemical blueprints to mimic create new drugs

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Synthetic Drug Discovery

About 25% of drugs approved by the FDA over the last 40 years are completely synthetic, created by humans.

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Study Notes

Course Information

  • Course Title: Pharmacognosy I
  • Course Number: PHA3114147
  • Instructor: Şule Nur KARAVUŞ
  • University: Istanbul Medipol University
  • Department: Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy
  • Email: [email protected]

Textbook Information

  • Jean Bruneton Pharmacognosy: Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants
  • Trease and Evans' Pharmacognosy
  • Pharmacognosy Fundamentals, Applications and Strategy S. Badal
  • The Science of Flavonoids Erich Grotewold
  • Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy E. Williamson, Michael Heinrich, Joanne Barnes, Simon Gibbons

Flavonoid Biosynthesis

  • Diagram depicting the complex process of flavonoid biosynthesis, outlining various enzymes and intermediates.
  • Shows the pathways leading to various flavonoids.

Definition of Pharmacognosy

  • Pharmacognosy: The branch of science that studies bioactive compounds obtained from biological sources such as plants, animals, microorganisms, and marine products or raw drug materials used to formulate medication or drug excipients.
  • Pharmacognosy is the study of biologically active natural products.
  • Originated in Greek; "pharmakon" (drug) + "gno'sko"(to know).

History of Pharmacognosy

  • Early documentation of medicinal plants: Mesopotamia (2600 BCE), Egypt (1800 BCE), Chinese (1100 BCE), Indian (1000 BCE), Greek and Roman (500 BCE), Dark ages (400-1100 CE).
  • Avicenna (Ibn-i Sina) coordinated all available medical knowledge and published a compendium, "The Canon of Medicine" (5 volumes).
  • Dioscorides, a Greek physician, documented medicinal plants and their uses and wrote "Materia Medica".

History of Pharmacognosy - Further Detail

  • The use of plants for medicinal purposes is very ancient.

  • Earliest written records of drugs from natural products are from Sumerians and Akkadians (BC 3000).

  • Ebers Papyrus (Ancient Egypt, 1550 BC) contained information on 700 herbal, animal, and mineral drugs.

  • Other early work: Egyptian hieroglyphics from museums of Vienna.

Development of Phytochemistry

  • Developments in 18th-century chemistry led to new drugs synthesis and plant extract purification.
  • 1805: Sertürner isolated morphine from Papaver somniferum, later commercialized by E. Merck.
  • 1820 & 1821: Pelletier & Caventou isolated Quinine from Cinchona and Caffeine from Coffea arabica and Camellia sinensis.
  • 1775: Withering identified the plant (Digitalis purpurea) used for edema treatment.
  • Microscopic diagnosis of herbal drugs began.

Modified Natural Products

  • Quinine’s widespread use led to drug resistance; subsequent compounds including chloroquine, mefloquine, were developed.
  • Modern work on medicinal plants focuses on drug resistance.
  • Development of modified natural products to combat drug resistance.
  • Artemisinin, a drug developed to treat malaria, was a significant development.

Rules of Collection of Plants

  • Specific collection times should be followed to ensure plant parts have desirable levels of active compounds.
  • For example, leaves should be collected when the plant is in bloom.

Factors affecting the structure of active substances

  • Growing Conditions (soil, climate, water, etc.)
  • Time of collection
  • Drying methods
  • Storage conditions

Drug or Drug Definitions

  • Herbal drugs: parts of plants used for medicinal purposes (flowers, leaves, roots).
  • Medicinal Plants: defined by WHO in 1980 as plant varieties that cure or prevent diseases or serve as precursors for chemical-pharmaceutical synthesis.
  • Phytotherapy: Treatment with herbs.
  • Phytotherapeutic: general name for products (medicinal tea, herbal medicine) made from drugs used in phytotherapy.

Bioprospecting

  • Bioprospecting focuses on discovering useful products from natural sources like plants, microorganisms, animals, etc.

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