Pharmacognosy I: Flavonoid Biosynthesis Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the significance of the Ebers Papyrus in the history of pharmacognosy?

It mentions about 700 herbal, animal, and mineral drugs. (correct)

It provides detailed formulas for the preparation of remedies.

It contains the first written documentation of drugs from natural products.

It lists approximately 800 individual drugs.

Which ancient physician traveled with armies and documented medicinal plants?

Gerard of Cremona

Dioscorides (correct)

Hippocrates

Sumerians

What is the main focus of Book 2 in the Canon of Medicine?

Special pathology

Formulary

General medical principles

Materia medica (correct)

Which of the following works contains information about 500 medicinal plants?

Dioscorides’ Materia Medica Signup and view all the answers

When was the Canon of Medicine translated into Latin?

In the 12th century Signup and view all the answers

What does the Formulary section of the Canon of Medicine address?

Preparation of diverse remedies Signup and view all the answers

Which civilization is recognized for the earliest documentation of drugs from natural products?

Sumerians Signup and view all the answers

What does Book 4 of the Canon of Medicine primarily discuss?

Medical conditions affecting the entire body Signup and view all the answers

What is pharmacognosy primarily concerned with?

The study of bioactive compounds from natural sources Signup and view all the answers

Who first coined the term 'pharmacognosy'?

Johann Adam Schmidt Signup and view all the answers

In what era did Avicenna coordinate existing medical knowledge?

Dark Ages Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the earliest recorded uses of medicinal plants?

Ancient Egypt Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a focus area of pharmacognosy?

Synthetic drug development Signup and view all the answers

What major medical work did Avicenna publish?

The Canon of Medicine Signup and view all the answers

Which civilization is believed to have used plants for medicinal purposes around 2600 B.C.E.?

Mesopotamian Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of the study of pharmacognosy?

It encompasses various biological sources including plants, animals, and microorganisms. Signup and view all the answers

What significant contribution did Sertürner make in 1805?

Isolated morphine from Papaver somniferum Signup and view all the answers

Which plant was identified by Dr. William Withering for its medicinal properties in 1775?

Digitalis purpurea Signup and view all the answers

What best defines bioprospecting?

A systematic search for useful products derived from bioresources Signup and view all the answers

In which year did Pelletier & Caventou isolate caffeine from Coffee arabica?

1821 Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of Robert Robinson's research?

Determination of the molecular structure of morphine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a part of a herbal drog?

Seeds Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of plant-derived medicines did the work of Dr. Withering contribute to?

Microscopic diagnosis of herbal drugs Signup and view all the answers

What was an important outcome of the developments in chemistry in the 18th century?

Synthesis of new drugs and purification of plant extracts Signup and view all the answers

When should flowers be collected from a medicinal plant?

Before they are fully opened or in buds Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct time to collect the shells of medicinal plants?

After shedding its leaves Signup and view all the answers

What historical significance does quinine have?

It is an anti-malarial drug isolated from Cinchona officinalis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can adversely affect the collection of leaves from medicinal plants?

Rainy weather during collection Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of events regarding drug resistance of quinine?

Introduced in 1632, First resistance reported in 1910 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of artemisinin in the treatment of malaria?

It is combined with other therapies to treat quinine-resistant malaria. Signup and view all the answers

What is an important metabolic product of artemisinin that retains activity?

Dihydroartemisinin Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of small molecule approvals from the FDA is attributed to biologics?

18% Signup and view all the answers

Which factor directly contributed to saving 10 million lives since 2000?

The discovery and use of artemisinin Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of small molecule approvals from the FDA is made up of botanical mixtures?

1% Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of soil selection on the growth of Medicinal Plants?

Certain plants thrive in specific soil conditions. Signup and view all the answers

During which period is the amount of codeine at its highest in Papaver somniferum?

At noon Signup and view all the answers

What is one important aspect of the drying process for medicinal plants?

The drying method affects the qualitative and quantitative changes in active ingredients. Signup and view all the answers

Which storage condition is NOT recommended for dried medicinal plant material?

In a warm area Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of stabilizing plant material after harvesting?

To stop enzyme activities that can deteriorate the plant. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT significantly affect the active substance content in medicinal plants?

The color of leaves Signup and view all the answers

What is a beneficial effect of properly drying medicinal plants?

It prevents qualitative changes in active ingredients. Signup and view all the answers

Which material is NOT suitable for storing dried plant material?

Plastic container Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Course Information

Course Title: Pharmacognosy I
Course Number: PHA3114147
Instructor: Şule Nur KARAVUŞ
University: Istanbul Medipol University
Department: Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy
Email: [email protected]

Textbook Information

Jean Bruneton Pharmacognosy: Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants
Trease and Evans' Pharmacognosy
Pharmacognosy Fundamentals, Applications and Strategy S. Badal
The Science of Flavonoids Erich Grotewold
Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy E. Williamson, Michael Heinrich, Joanne Barnes, Simon Gibbons

Flavonoid Biosynthesis

Diagram depicting the complex process of flavonoid biosynthesis, outlining various enzymes and intermediates.
Shows the pathways leading to various flavonoids.

Definition of Pharmacognosy

Pharmacognosy: The branch of science that studies bioactive compounds obtained from biological sources such as plants, animals, microorganisms, and marine products or raw drug materials used to formulate medication or drug excipients.
Pharmacognosy is the study of biologically active natural products.
Originated in Greek; "pharmakon" (drug) + "gno'sko"(to know).

History of Pharmacognosy

Early documentation of medicinal plants: Mesopotamia (2600 BCE), Egypt (1800 BCE), Chinese (1100 BCE), Indian (1000 BCE), Greek and Roman (500 BCE), Dark ages (400-1100 CE).
Avicenna (Ibn-i Sina) coordinated all available medical knowledge and published a compendium, "The Canon of Medicine" (5 volumes).
Dioscorides, a Greek physician, documented medicinal plants and their uses and wrote "Materia Medica".

History of Pharmacognosy - Further Detail

The use of plants for medicinal purposes is very ancient.
Earliest written records of drugs from natural products are from Sumerians and Akkadians (BC 3000).
Ebers Papyrus (Ancient Egypt, 1550 BC) contained information on 700 herbal, animal, and mineral drugs.
Other early work: Egyptian hieroglyphics from museums of Vienna.

Development of Phytochemistry

Developments in 18th-century chemistry led to new drugs synthesis and plant extract purification.
1805: Sertürner isolated morphine from Papaver somniferum, later commercialized by E. Merck.
1820 & 1821: Pelletier & Caventou isolated Quinine from Cinchona and Caffeine from Coffea arabica and Camellia sinensis.
1775: Withering identified the plant (Digitalis purpurea) used for edema treatment.
Microscopic diagnosis of herbal drugs began.

Modified Natural Products

Quinine’s widespread use led to drug resistance; subsequent compounds including chloroquine, mefloquine, were developed.
Modern work on medicinal plants focuses on drug resistance.
Development of modified natural products to combat drug resistance.
Artemisinin, a drug developed to treat malaria, was a significant development.

Rules of Collection of Plants

Specific collection times should be followed to ensure plant parts have desirable levels of active compounds.
For example, leaves should be collected when the plant is in bloom.

Factors affecting the structure of active substances

Growing Conditions (soil, climate, water, etc.)
Time of collection
Drying methods
Storage conditions

Drug or Drug Definitions

Herbal drugs: parts of plants used for medicinal purposes (flowers, leaves, roots).
Medicinal Plants: defined by WHO in 1980 as plant varieties that cure or prevent diseases or serve as precursors for chemical-pharmaceutical synthesis.
Phytotherapy: Treatment with herbs.
Phytotherapeutic: general name for products (medicinal tea, herbal medicine) made from drugs used in phytotherapy.

Bioprospecting

Bioprospecting focuses on discovering useful products from natural sources like plants, microorganisms, animals, etc.

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Description

Test your knowledge on flavonoid biosynthesis as outlined in Pharmacognosy I. This quiz focuses on the pathways, enzymes, and processes involved in the production of flavonoids. Ensure you understand the basic principles of pharmacognosy and its applications in medicinal plants.