Pharmacodynamics in Endocrine Disorders Quiz

These medications work by increasing the sensitivity of body tissues to insulin, leading to improved glucose control. Examples include pioglitazone and rosiglitazone.

These drugs slow down the breakdown of incretin hormones, leading to increased insulin secretion and reduced glucagon release, improving glucose control.

These medications mimic the action of the naturally occurring hormone GLP-1, leading to increased insulin secretion, reduced glucagon release, and slower gastric emptying.

These drugs block the reabsorption of glucose in the kidneys, leading to increased glucose excretion in the urine, improving glucose control.

These medications are specifically designed to control blood sugar levels after meals, improving postprandial glycemic control.

These medications mimic the action of the hormone amylin, leading to a reduction in glucagon secretion and slowing of gastric emptying.

A group of synthetic compounds that mimic the effects of testosterone, either by binding to the same receptor or by increasing testosterone production. They are often used for their anabolic (muscle-building) effects.

A type of steroid hormone that plays a crucial role in male sexual development, including the development of secondary sex characteristics, production of sperm, and maintenance of muscle mass.

A specific type of receptor found inside cells that binds to testosterone and its synthetic counterparts, initiating a chain of events that leads to the expression of androgenic effects.

A powerful androgen that is produced within the body by the conversion of testosterone. It is even more potent than testosterone itself.

A class of drugs that block the action of testosterone, either by preventing it from binding to its receptor or by inhibiting its production. They are often used to treat conditions like prostate cancer and hirsutism.

A hormone produced by the pancreas, responsible for elevating blood glucose levels. When abnormally elevated, it can lead to conditions like glucagonoma, characterized by necrolytic erythema migrans.

A condition that can occur as a result of testosterone or anabolic steroid use, characterized by the development of enlarged breasts in males.

The process of turning testosterone into a weaker form, known as estrogen. This can contribute to the development of gynecomastia in males.

A type of tumor that occurs in the pancreas and produces excessive amounts of glucagon, resulting in abnormal blood glucose levels and symptoms like skin lesions.

A rare skin condition characterized by painful, red, and scaly patches that migrate over the body, often associated with glucagonoma.

A medical condition characterized by an enlarged prostate gland, often found in older men. Anabolic steroids can worsen this condition.

A condition involving multiple tumors affecting different endocrine glands, including the pancreas. It can cause glucagonoma and other hormonal imbalances.

A pituitary hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating growth and development. It's produced by the anterior pituitary gland and has a short half-life.

The process of attaching polyethylene glycol (PEG) to a molecule, used to increase its size and extend its lifespan. Applied to GH, it creates a long-acting form.

A type of GH analogue that has been pegylated, making it a long-acting treatment for acromegaly. It works by blocking GH receptor activity.

A disease characterized by excessive growth hormone production by the pituitary gland, resulting in abnormal growth and other symptoms.

Insulin lispro (Humalog) and insulin aspart (Novorapid) are examples of rapid-acting insulins. They start working quickly within 15-20 minutes after injection and their effects last for 2-5 hours.

Actrapid, Humulin S, and Velosulin are short-acting insulins. They begin working after 20 minutes and their effects last for 6-8 hours.

Humulin I is a premixed insulin combining 30% short-acting insulin and 70% intermediate-acting insulin. This combination provides a longer-lasting effect, peaking between 1 and 8 hours and lasting up to 22 hours.

Long-acting insulins, such as insulin glargine (Lantus), insulin detemir (Levemir), or insulin degludec (Tresiba), have no peak activity. They provide a continuous, basal delivery of insulin over a period of time, ensuring a consistent blood sugar control.

Premixed insulin analogues, like Humalog Mix 25, Humalog Mix 50, and Novomix 30, combine both rapid and long-acting insulins in a single injection for a combined effect on blood sugar.

Glucagon and insulin work together in a feedback system to maintain stable blood glucose levels. When blood sugar is low, glucagon is released to increase it. When blood sugar is high, insulin is released to lower it.

Glucagon is an emergency medicine used to treat severe hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) in patients with diabetes who are treated with insulin. It is administered when a patient has passed out or is unable to take sugar by mouth. It helps rapidly raise blood sugar levels.

Progesterone is known as the "pregnancy hormone" because it plays a crucial role in preparing the uterus for implantation.

Progesterone converts the endometrium into a suitable environment for implantation by thickening the uterine lining and preparing it for a potential pregnancy.

When pregnancy does not occur, progesterone levels decrease, triggering menstruation.

Progesterone acts as an immune suppressant, temporarily reducing the body's natural immune response during pregnancy to protect the fetus from rejection.

Progesterone inhibits uterine contractions, ensuring a smooth and peaceful environment for the developing fetus.

Progesterone suppresses lactation during pregnancy, preventing the release of breast milk until after birth.

A decrease in progesterone levels is thought to be one of the triggers that initiates labor.

Combined oral contraceptive pills contain both estrogens and progestogens, while morning-after pills and abortion pills primarily contain progestogens.