Pharmacodynamics in Endocrine Disorders Quiz
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Which of the following is NOT a focus of the pharmacodynamic evaluations discussed in the provided text?

  • Hormone receptor interaction similarities
  • New classes of oral antidiabetics
  • Neuroendocrinology pharmacodynamic evaluation (correct)
  • The classical hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-gonadal axis

    • What concept related to hormone-receptor interaction is prominently featured in the discussion?

  • Intracellular signaling pathways
  • Hormone metabolism and degradation
  • The presence of hormone agonists and antagonists (correct)
  • Hormone synthesis mechanisms

    • Which endocrine disorders are reviewed separately from the classical hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-gonadal axis?

  • Pituitary disorders
  • Gonadal disorders
  • Adrenal disorders
  • Thyroid disorders (correct)

    • Among the listed drug classes, which one is NOT specifically mentioned as being evaluated as part of the pharmacodynamic evaluations?

    <p>Prostaglandin analogs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general focus of the pharmacological review in relation to endocrine disorders?

    <p>The classical hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-gonadal axis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the provided text, which of the following is given particular focus?

    <p>The mechanism of action of new sophisticated insulin analogues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of hormone action receives specific attention within the context of pharmacodynamics?

    <p>The hormonal interaction with the receptor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is mentioned in the text as being evaluated, but that is not primarily secreted by the pituitary gland?

    <p>Somatostatin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the primary function of glucagon?

    <p>Elevating blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones does not directly stimulate glucagon secretion?

    <p>Insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucagon belongs to the secretin family of hormones; what mechanism does it use to elicit its response?

    <p>A membrane G-protein-coupled receptor that uses the adenylate cyclase system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what condition does glucagon induce lipolysis?

    <p>In conditions of insulin suppression, like type 1 DM. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a scenario in which glucagon would likely be considered a critical treatment option?

    <p>A diabetic patient experiencing severe hypoglycemia who has lost consciousness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of short-acting insulin?

    <p>Actrapid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate duration of action of insulin glargine?

    <p>24 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes premixed insulin Humulin I?

    <p>A premixed insulin that combines a short-acting and an intermediate-acting insulin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of progesterone during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>To prepare the endometrium for implantation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does progesterone have on the immune response during pregnancy?

    <p>It decreases the immune response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a known effect of progesterone?

    <p>Increasing the immune response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hormonal component found in morning-after pills and abortion pills?

    <p>Progestogens only. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A drop in progesterone levels most likely facilitates the onset of which process?

    <p>Labor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which uterine tissue is altered by progesterone?

    <p>Endometrium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of progestogens in combined oral contraceptive pills?

    <p>They work in conjunction with estrogens to prevent pregnancy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of progesterone specifically on the uterus during pregnancy?

    <p>It decreases the contractility of the smooth muscle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which dihydrotestosterone (DHT) exerts its androgenic effects?

    <p>By having a higher affinity for the testosterone receptor than testosterone. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides an increase in muscle mass, which of the following is an additional anabolic effect of AASs?

    <p>Upregulation of IGF-1 receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of 5-alpha reductase in the context of androgenic effects?

    <p>It converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions in men is NOT typically treated with antiandrogens?

    <p>Anemia of chronic renal disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a known side effect of AASs related to hair and skin?

    <p>Exacerbation of acne and male baldness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In women, which of the following is a condition antiandrogens are used to treat?

    <p>Hirsutism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of antiandrogens?

    <p>They block the androgen receptor and/or inhibit or suppress androgen production. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a clinical application of AASs?

    <p>Treatment of hypersexuality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elevated glucagon levels may be associated with which condition?

    <p>Necrolytic erythema migrans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is NOT synthesized in the anterior pituitary?

    <p>ADH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pegylation of a GH analogue is primarily used for what purpose?

    <p>Creating sustained release formulations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT directly modify GH receptor expression?

    <p>Glucagon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is primarily used to measure a pharmacodynamic response to GH analog injection in GH-deficient children?

    <p>Plasma GH levels, IGF-1 levels, glucose, and FFA levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Synthetic human growth hormone is NOT typically used for which condition?

    <p>Addison's disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ACTH (Synachten) is primarily used for:

    <p>Assessing suspected adrenocortical hypofunction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a product released by the hypothalamus?

    <p>GHRH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is associated with reduced rates of prostate surgery for benign prostate hyperplasia?

    <p>Dutasteride or Finasteride (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug is Elagolix, used in the treatment of endometriosis-associated pain?

    <p>Oral GnRH antagonist (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication has been historically linked to the treatment of diabetes and is also being researched for potential effects on longevity?

    <p>Metformin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the studied side effects of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy for neuroendocrine tumors?

    <p>Myelotoxicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is described as a less expensive option for treating type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Human insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In treating hypoparathyroidism, which is associated with less severe hypocalcemia?

    <p>Vitamin D2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication class is associated with functional outcomes, death, and rehospitalization in elderly nursing home residents after myocardial infarction?

    <p>Beta-blockers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these medications is discussed in the context of opioid addiction?

    <p>Oxytocin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharmacodynamic Evaluation: Endocrinology

    • This chapter discusses pharmacodynamic evaluations for common clinical endocrine disorders
    • Special focus on new oral antidiabetics and sophisticated insulin analogues
    • Clinical pharmacology reviews the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-gonadal axis, and thyroid disorders separately
    • Emphasis on hormone receptor interactions and drug-ligand-receptor binding
    • Concepts of hormone agonists and antagonists are featured
    • Neuroendocrinology pharmacodynamic evaluation is excluded

    Thiazolidinediones

    • DPP-4 Inhibitors
    • GLP-1 Agonists
    • SGLT-2 Inhibitors
    • Prandial Glucose Regulators
    • Amylin Analogues
    • Insulin Types and Forms
    • Glucagon
    • ACTH
    • Growth Hormone
    • Prolactin
    • Somatostatin
    • Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones
    • Oxytocin
    • Antidiuretic Hormone

    Contents

    • Introduction
    • Diabetes Mellitus
    • Metformin-Biguanides
    • Sulfonylureas
    • Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
    • Thiazolidinediones
    • The Thyroid Gland: Hyper- and Hypothyroidism
    • Methimazole
    • Propylthiouracil
    • The Parathyroids
    • The Adrenals
    • Epinephrine
    • The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

    Diabetes Mellitus

    • Pharmacodynamics in DM are studied at a population level, mechanistic mode, metric model, or drug-targeted-mediated approach
    • Metformin improves glucose tolerance by decreasing hepatic glucose production, intestinal glucose absorption, and increasing peripheral glucose uptake
    • Metformin does not cause hypoglycemia under normal conditions
    • Metformin bioavailability is around 50-60%, and increasing doses result in absorption decrease
    • Food delays Metformin absorption; peak plasma levels are observed around 7 hours
    • Metformin is not metabolized in the liver and is excreted unchanged by the kidneys with a half-life of approximately 17 hours (plasma 6 hours)
    • Metformin contraindicated in severe renal impairment, known hypersensitivity, and acute/chronic metabolic acidosis
    • Lactic acidosis is an infrequent complication

    Sulfonylureas

    • Acts as insulin secretagogues by binding to ATP potassium channels in the pancreas
    • Examples include Glimepiride, Glibenclamide, Gliclazide, Glipizide, and Tolbutamide
    • Sulfonylureas have extended effect despite short half-life due to active metabolites
    • Renal dysfunction prolongs half-life
    • Genetic mutations affect response to sulfonylureas

    Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors

    • Slows carbohydrate digestion, reducing post-meal blood glucose
    • Examples include Acarbose and Miglitol
    • Primarily used as single treatment or combined with sulfonylureas
    • Gastrointestinal side effects (meteorism, flatulence, diarrhea) are common

    Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) or Glitazones

    • Acts by targeting PPAR-gamma receptors affecting glucose and fat metabolism
    • Examples include Pioglitazone
    • Potential for boosting insulin sensitivity

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    Pharmacodynamic Evaluation: Endocrinology PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the pharmacodynamic evaluations related to endocrine disorders and hormone-receptor interactions. This quiz will cover various hormone functions, drug classes, and specific evaluations mentioned in the provided text. Enhance your understanding of pharmacology's impact on endocrine systems.

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