Pharmaceutical Technology II: Powders & Granules
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Questions and Answers

What should powders intended for external use be labeled as?

  • EXTERNAL USE ONLY (correct)
  • FOR TOPICAL APPLICATION ONLY
  • FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
  • FOR CUTANEOUS APPLICATION ONLY

    • What type of powders are presented as single-dose or multidose powders?

  • Bulk powders
  • Divided powders
  • Powders for cutaneous application (correct)
  • Dusting powders

    • What is the primary purpose of dusting powders?

  • Therapeutic purposes
  • Prophylactic purposes
  • Lubricant purposes
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What is a characteristic of powders specifically intended for use on large open wounds or severely injured skin?

    <p>They are sterile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical method of application for medicated powders for external use?

    <p>Dusting from a sifter-type container</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of dispensing powder medication in bulk quantities?

    <p>It is only limited to non-potent substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a precaution that should be taken when storing bulk powders?

    <p>Store in a clean, dry place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should bulk powders be kept out of the reach of children?

    <p>Because they may be harmful if ingested</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of adding a binder during the wet method of granule preparation?

    <p>To facilitate the formation of a paste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the two types of wet methods for preparing granules?

    <p>The mechanism of granule formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of periodically moving the granules during the drying process?

    <p>To prevent adhesion into a large mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common issue with the dry method of granule preparation?

    <p>Production of fines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of effervescent granulated salts?

    <p>They rapidly release carbon dioxide when in contact with water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of slugging in the dry method of granule preparation?

    <p>To compress the powder mixture into large tablets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical size of the slugs produced during the dry method of granule preparation?

    <p>2.5 cm (1 in.) in diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use for effervescent granulated salts?

    <p>In the production of effervescent dosage forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of instructing patients on how to handle and measure the powder?

    <p>To prevent overdose of potent substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum amount of powder that can be placed in a packet?

    <p>130mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to prepare divided powders for non-potent drugs?

    <p>Block-and-divide method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of forming a rectangular or square block of powder in the block-and-divide method?

    <p>To create a uniform depth of the powder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical size range of papers used for packing powders?

    <p>2.75 × 3.75 in. to 4.5 × 6 in.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of powder is typically divided into individual dosing units using the block-and-divide method?

    <p>Powdered laxatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of paper is recommended for use with hygroscopic or deliquescent materials?

    <p>Waterproof or waxed paper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary disadvantage of bulk powders that can be prevented by granulating?

    <p>Segregation of different particle sizes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical size range of granules?

    <p>4-12 mesh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of granules in terms of their physical properties?

    <p>They are more stable physically and chemically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of granules in terms of their flow properties?

    <p>They flow better than powders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of granules in terms of dust formation?

    <p>They eliminate dust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a granule dosage form?

    <p>Unstable antibiotic drugs in aqueous solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are granules irregular or spherical in shape?

    <p>To make them more robust and able to withstand handling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of heating the powder in the dry method of granulation?

    <p>To remove the water of crystallization from the citric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the dry method and the wet method of granulation?

    <p>The source of the binding agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using an acid-resistant spatula during the heating process?

    <p>To protect the spatula from the acid in the citric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of rubbing the mass through a sieve after heating?

    <p>To produce granules of the desired size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using the dry method of granulation?

    <p>It does not require the addition of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical temperature used for drying the granules?

    <p>Below 54°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    External Powders

    • Medicated powders for external use are dusted on the affected area from sifter-type containers or applied from a powder aerosol.
    • These powders should bear a label marked "EXTERNAL USE ONLY".
    • Powders for cutaneous application are presented as single-dose or multidose powders and should be free from grittiness.
    • Powders intended for use on large open wounds or on severely injured skin must be sterile.

    Dispensing of Powders

    • Bulk powders can be provided to the patient in bulk or divided into single unit doses.
    • Examples of bulk powders include:
      • Antacids (e.g., sodium bicarbonate) and laxatives (e.g., psyllium Metamucil)
      • Douche powders (e.g., Massengill Powder)
      • Medicated powders for external application to the skin (e.g., topical anti-infective, antifungal)
      • Brewer's yeast powder containing B-complex vitamins and other nutritional supplements

    Divided Powders

    • Divided powders are prepared by weighing or block-and-divide methods.
    • Weighing method is used for potent drugs, where each portion is weighed separately before enfolding in a paper.
    • Block-and-divide method is used for non-potent drugs, where the entire amount of powder is divided into smaller blocks.
    • Papers used for packing powders include:
      • Simple bond paper
      • Vegetable parchment
      • Glassine
      • Waxed paper
    • Moisture-resistant small cellophane or plastic envelopes may also be used to enclose individual doses.

    Granules Dosage Forms

    • Granules are aggregates of particles that form larger particles, usually in the 4-12-mesh size range.
    • Advantage of granulation:
      • Improved flowability
      • Elimination of dust
      • Increased compressibility
      • Physical and chemical stability
      • Less likelihood of caking or hardening
      • Easier wetting by a solvent
    • Examples of granules include:
      • Unstable antibiotic drugs in aqueous solution (e.g., KLACID granules, Augmentin ES-600)
      • Uricol granules
      • Effervescent granules (e.g., tablets)

    Preparation of Granules

    • Wet method:
      • Moisten the powder or mixture with a fluid (with or without a binder)
      • Pass the resulting paste through a screen of the desired mesh size
      • Dry the granules on drying trays by air or under heat
      • Screen and size the granules
    • Dry method:
      • Pass the dry powder through a roll compactor and then through a granulating machine
      • By slugging, compress the powder mixture into large tablets or slugs, then granulate into the desired particle size
    • Fluid bed processing can also be used to produce granules or pellets of defined particle size.

    Effervescent Granulated Salts

    • Effervescent dosage forms contain ingredients that release carbon dioxide when in contact with water.
    • The wet method involves:
      • Mixing the powder with a liquid
      • Heating the mixture to release the water of crystallization from the citric acid
      • Rubbing the softened mass through a sieve to produce granules of the desired size
    • The granules are then dried at a temperature not exceeding 54°C and placed in tightly sealed containers.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the topic of powders and granules in pharmaceutical technology, including their use and labeling for external applications.

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