Pharmaceutical Tablets - Formulation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of adding a binding agent to the tablet mixture?

  • To ensure proper compression of the tablet (correct)
  • To avoid over wetting of the tablet
  • To increase the disintegration time
  • To enhance the color of the tablet

    • Which step is essential for preparing tablets that are moisture-sensitive?

  • Slugging (correct)
  • Tray drying
  • Tablet screening
  • Direct compression

    • What characteristic should tablets possess to be considered well-made?

  • Should be larger than a standard size
  • Should be free from defects (correct)
  • Should dissolve in water quickly
  • Should have uniform color

    • Why is tray drying commonly used in tablet granulation?

    <p>It allows for better control of moisture content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the powder is not wetted properly during granulation?

    <p>Granules will be too soft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of a lubricant in tablet preparation?

    <p>To prevent clumping and ensure smooth filling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the mesh size used during screening of granules?

    <p>It influences the size of the granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is direct compression preferred in tablet formulation?

    <p>When the drug is less than 25% of the total weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for including a binder agent in lozenge tablets?

    <p>To slow the release of active ingredients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following should NOT be added to lozenge tablets?

    <p>Disintegrating agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic reaction of effervescent tablets when mixed with water?

    <p>They liberate carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tablet is specifically shaped to ease insertion?

    <p>Vaginal tablet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using disintegrants in tablet formulation?

    <p>To aid in breaking the tablet in the gastrointestinal tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intended duration of release for implantation tablets?

    <p>3-6 months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of diluents in tablet preparation?

    <p>To increase the bulk for easier compression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of agent must be included in effervescent tablets for their desired effect?

    <p>Disintegrating agent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following preparations is most suitable for maintaining higher stability of a drug?

    <p>Solid preparations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method to reduce the risk of hydrolysis in drugs?

    <p>Adding hygroscopic agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following agents is used to prevent oxidation in drug formulations?

    <p>Oxybenzone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition primarily enhances the rate of polymerization in drug formulations?

    <p>Presence of impurities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following alterations describes optical isomerization?

    <p>Changing the compound from one stereoisomer to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common group that may break down through hydrolysis?

    <p>Esters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does lowering the temperature have on polymerization reactions?

    <p>Slows down the polymerization process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method will NOT help in preventing oxidation of sensitive drugs?

    <p>Adding high amounts of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does probenecid have on indomethacin concentrations in plasma?

    <p>It increases indomethacin concentrations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which combination of drugs may lead to increased cardiac toxicity due to hypokalemia?

    <p>Digoxin and furosemide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drug combinations could potentially lead to serious respiratory depression?

    <p>Phenobarbitone and alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the incompatibility between tetracycline and penicillin?

    <p>Tetracycline and erythromycin are incompatible with bactericidal antibiotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should warfarin and vitamin K not be used together?

    <p>They act against each other in the blood coagulation process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect could result from combining glibenclamide with a syrup containing a high percentage of sugar?

    <p>Increased blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of indomethacin that should be considered in its prescription?

    <p>Gastric ulcer formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario describes physical incompatibility in pharmaceutical mixtures?

    <p>Presence of color change in a mixed solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the acceptable range of active ingredient concentration in tablets according to BP?

    <p>90-110%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tablet coating is primarily used to mask unpleasant taste and protect ingredients from decomposition?

    <p>Sugar coating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following coatings is designed to dissolve in the intestine rather than the stomach?

    <p>Enteric coating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between pastilles and lozenges?

    <p>Pastilles dissolve rapidly, while lozenges dissolve slowly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What classification of drug incompatibility occurs due to antagonistic drug interactions?

    <p>Therapeutic incompatibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agents are commonly used in enteric coatings?

    <p>Waxes and MC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of film coating on tablets?

    <p>Mask unpleasant taste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example represents a common use for lozenges?

    <p>Strep sills - lemocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do drugs like metoclopramide have on gastrointestinal motility?

    <p>They increase gastrointestinal motility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does paraffin oil affect the absorption of Vitamin A?

    <p>It decreases the absorption of Vitamin A.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug combination will likely increase the toxicity of phenylbutazone?

    <p>Aspirin and Phenylbutazone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drug classes is known to induce liver enzymes and decrease plasma concentration of certain drugs?

    <p>Barbiturates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of administering acidic drugs in an acidic media?

    <p>Their elimination is reduced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drug combinations might compete for elimination and increase the toxicity of one of the drugs?

    <p>Sulfonamide and NaHCO3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is an example of a drug that inhibits liver enzymes?

    <p>Alcohol (ethanol)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does amphetamine have on gastrointestinal motility?

    <p>It decreases gastrointestinal motility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of picking during tablet compression?

    <p>Presence of scratches on punches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can help prevent capping in tablet production?

    <p>Using chromium plated punches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can lead to weight variation in tablets?

    <p>Inconsistent mixing of lubricants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lamination in tablets is primarily caused by which of the following?

    <p>Air entrapment during compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential solution to address mottling in tablets?

    <p>Improving color distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of punch is recommended to avoid sticking during tableting?

    <p>Chromium plated punches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes hardiness variation in tablets?

    <p>Inconsistent punch pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which processing issue is specifically due to the presence of excess fine powder in granules?

    <p>Lamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary benefit of using the direct compression method in tablet formulation?

    <p>It reduces the need for binding agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a defect in tablet production?

    <p>Uniformity in size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do excipients like diluents play in tablet formulation?

    <p>They serve as a carrier or vehicle for the active drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is slugging particularly used in tablet manufacturing?

    <p>When the ingredients are highly sensitive to moisture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of compression machine may be utilized for tablet production?

    <p>Either single or multiple stations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur if there is an over-wetting of the tablet mixture?

    <p>Tablets will be prone to breaking during lubrication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is critical for ensuring the proper filling of the die cavity during tablet formation?

    <p>Amount of lubricant added</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of tablet preparation, what is the significance of the sieve's mesh size?

    <p>It influences the size of granules before compression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is NOT commonly used for tablet preparation?

    <p>Hot melting method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common tablet defect related to appearance?

    <p>Mottling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do glidants play in tablet formulation?

    <p>Enhance flowability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a disintegrant?

    <p>Maize starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defect in tablet formation is primarily caused by insufficient lubrication?

    <p>Sticking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which excipient is used to mask the bitter taste of a drug?

    <p>Sweetening agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of compression machinery is typically used for producing tablets?

    <p>Rotary tablet press</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances can act as an anti-adhesive in tablet formulation?

    <p>Talc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Oxidizing Agents

    • Oxidizing agents (e.g., chlorate, dichromate, permanganate, nitrate, sodium peroxide, silver nitrate, silver oxide) react violently when ground in a mortar with a reducing agent (e.g., sulfides, sulfur, tannic acid, charcoal).
    • Solution:
      • Comminute each salt separately.
      • Subject to minimum pressure.

    Special Powders

    Effervescent Powders

    • Definition: A mixture of organic acid and alkali that effervesces when exposed to water due to the reaction between the acid and base, releasing carbon dioxide.
    • Examples: Citric or tartaric acids with sodium carbonate or bicarbonate.
    • Advantages of the liberated carbon dioxide:
      • Masks bitter and nauseous taste.
      • Promotes gastric secretions, accelerating absorption.
      • Acts as a carminative.
      • Has a psychologically positive effect, particularly on children.
    • Formulation:
      • Bulk powders or divided powders:
        • Packed in separate packages of contrasting colors.
        • Mixed with water at the time of dosing.
        • Liquid is consumed after the reaction subsides.
      • Effervescent Granules:
        • Sweetened effervescent powders formulated in granules.

    Methods of Granulation

    Wet Granulation

    • Procedure:
      • Mix powders without pressure in a suitable container.
      • Add alcohol in portions, stirring until a dough-like mass forms.
      • Pass the materials through sieve #6.
      • Dry the resulting granules at a temperature not exceeding 50°C.
      • Pack granules in airtight containers.

    Dry Granulation

    • Procedure:
      • Dry all ingredients (except citric acid monohydrate) and pass through sieve #60.
      • Thoroughly mix powders and add citric acid crystals (un-effloresced).
      • Spread the mixture in a shallow dish and place it in a preheated oven (99-105°C).
      • Allow crystallization of citric acid to take place.
      • Stir the powders in a water bath to prevent overheating.
      • Stir until the powders become moist and form a doughy mass.
      • Granulate by passing through sieve #6 and dry.

    Packaging

    • Effervescent granules or powders have a short shelf life, especially in wide-mouthed, screw-capped containers.
    • Stability of granules and powders is improved by packaging in tightly sealed aluminum bags.

    Test Evaluation of Effervescent Powders

    • Weigh 0.25g of powder, add 5ml distilled water, calculate:
      • Effervescence time.
      • Carbon dioxide volume produced.
      • Duration period for complete effervescence.
      • Solution purity after effervescence.

    Capsules

    • Definition: Solid unit dosage forms that encapsulate one or more medicinal ingredients in a small shell or container, usually made of gelatin.
    • Advantages:
      • Mask taste and odor of unpleasant drugs.
      • Easy to swallow due to slipperiness when moist.
      • Fewer adjuncts are required compared to tablets.
      • Easily and quickly digested in the gastrointestinal tract.
      • Economical.
      • Easy to handle and carry.
      • Shells can be opacified or colored for protection.
    • Disadvantages:
      • Hygroscopic drugs can absorb water from the shell, making it brittle.
      • Concentrated solutions may cause stomach irritation if not diluted beforehand.

    Types of Capsules

    • Hard gelatin capsules: Enclose solid drug ingredients.
    • Soft gelatin capsules: Enclose liquid and semisolid drug ingredients.
    • Enteric coated capsules: Designed to dissolve in the intestine, not the stomach
    • Sustained release capsules: Release drug ingredients slowly over a period of hours.

    Difficulties in Filling Capsules

    • Adding hygroscopic powders to capsules can absorb water, causing cracking.
    • Magnesium bicarbonate or MgO can be added to address this issue.
    • Use diluents (e.g., sucrose) to increase the bulk of smaller drug quantities for easier filling.
    • Place incompatible ingredients in smaller capsules and then those in larger capsules.

    Soft Gelatin Capsules

    • Soft, flexible, single-piece shells made from gelatin and plasticizers.
    • Can't be opened, only ruptured.
    • Fill with liquid or semisolids.

    Ophthalmic Ointments

    • Can be packaged in unit dose capsules.

    Enteric Coated Capsules

    • Capsule designed to dissolve in the intestine, delaying drug release until it reaches that point.

    Sustained Release Capsules (Spansules)

    • Powdered drug converted into pellets that are coated (increasing thickness in stages) to release the drug over time periods.

    Quality Control of Capsules

    • Quality control tests are varied, depending on the manufacturing scale and method.

    Packaging and Storage of Capsules

    • Store in closed containers in a cool environment.
    • Pharmaceutical Aspects:
      • Drug availability from solution > suspension > powder-filled capsule > compressed tablet > coated tablet.
      • Liquid drug form, suspensions can improve the bioavailability of drugs,
      • Orally administered drugs, particularly chronic ones, can affect gastric tolerance.

    Tablets

    • Definition: Solid dosage form produced by dry or wet granulation or direct compression containing medicaments with or without excipients to elicit a desired pharmacological response.

    • Advantages:

      • Compact and easily portable.
      • Easy to swallow.
      • Ease of compliance for patients.
      • Bitter taste can be masked by coating.
      • Cheaper than other solid medications.

    • No need for measuring the exact dose.

    • Disadvantages of Tablets:

      • Difficulty in swallowing for children and older adults.
      • Slow dissolution profile

    • How to Achieve Good Tablets:

      • Accurate and uniform weight.

      • Proper distribution of drug within the tablets.

      • Appropriate sizes and shapes, aiding in administration.

      • Stability against disintegration in the stomach

      • Physical and chemical stability for storage.

      • Avoid breakage in transit, physical appearance.

    • Manufacturing Defects to Avoid

      • manufacturing defects need to be avoided.

    • Types of Tablets

    Molded tablets

    • Created from moist, rapidly dissolving material pressed into a mold.

    Compressed tablets

    • Powders compressed into a specific size or shape.

    Chewable tablets

    • Generally for children or patients who have difficulty swallowing.

    • Disintegrates quickly, acceptable taste, and flavor

    Soluble tablets

    • Dissolves fully in liquids

    Sugar-coated tablets

    • Used to mask unpleasant taste

    Film-Coated Tablets

    • Improved stability from atmospheric conditions

    Enteric-coated tablets

    • Release of drug in the intestine

    Multi-layered tablets

    • Contains different active ingredients

    Delayed-release tablets

    • Prolonged release of medication

    Press-coated tablets

    • Created from other compressed tablets.

    • Used to combine incompatible ingredients

    Buccal tablets and Sublingual tablets

    • Designed to dissolve in the oral cavity

    Lozenges

    • Dissolved slowly in the mouth, providing continuous action.

    Effervescent tablets

    • Drug containing sodium bicarbonate and citric acid or tartaric acid, effervescing when exposed to water

    Vaginal tablets

    • Special shape for ease of insertion.

    Implantation tablets

    • Insertion under the skin

    Tablet Preparation Methods

    • Wet granulation method
    • Dry granulation method
    • Direct compression method

    Tablet Evaluation Tests

    • General Appearance
    • Tablet Thickness
    • Weight Variation Test
    • Hardness test
    • Friability Test
    • Disintegration test
    • Dissolution test
    • Uniformity of Content

    Packaging and Storage of Tablets

    • Store in well-closed containers in a cool, dry place to maintain quality and stability.

    Drug Incompatibilities

    • Definition: When two or more ingredients are combined, the resulting product has undesired physical, chemical or therapeutic changes which can negatively impact safety of the drug.

    • Classification:

      • Therapeutic incompatibilities
      • Chemical incompatibilities
      • Physical incompatibilities

    • Causes of incompatibility:

      • Drug interactions
      • Overdose
      • Improper dosage
      • Incorrect dosage form

    Alterations in Drug Elimination from the Kidney

    • Some drugs depend on pH to be eliminated from the kidney, affected by other drugs that change the pH

    • Some drugs are eliminated via active transport.

    Drug Interactions in General

    • Inhibitory or promotional effects on the activity of a drug.

    • Drugs that affect absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion rates of other drugs.

    Additional Notes

    • Various types of tablet preparation or capsule preparation processes exist.

    • Methods are selected based on the specific needs or characteristics of the drug.

    • Proper storage and handling of capsules and tablets are crucial to maintain quality and efficacy.

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    Pharmaceutics 3 Theory - Last Version PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge about the formulation and preparation of pharmaceutical tablets. This quiz covers key aspects such as binding agents, lubrication, disintegration, and tablet characteristics essential for pharmaceutical applications. Perfect for students studying pharmacy or related fields.

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