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Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of adding a binding agent to the tablet mixture?
What is the main purpose of adding a binding agent to the tablet mixture?
- To ensure proper compression of the tablet (correct)
- To avoid over wetting of the tablet
- To increase the disintegration time
- To enhance the color of the tablet
Which step is essential for preparing tablets that are moisture-sensitive?
Which step is essential for preparing tablets that are moisture-sensitive?
- Slugging (correct)
- Tray drying
- Tablet screening
- Direct compression
What characteristic should tablets possess to be considered well-made?
What characteristic should tablets possess to be considered well-made?
- Should be larger than a standard size
- Should be free from defects (correct)
- Should dissolve in water quickly
- Should have uniform color
Why is tray drying commonly used in tablet granulation?
Why is tray drying commonly used in tablet granulation?
What happens if the powder is not wetted properly during granulation?
What happens if the powder is not wetted properly during granulation?
What is the main role of a lubricant in tablet preparation?
What is the main role of a lubricant in tablet preparation?
What is the significance of the mesh size used during screening of granules?
What is the significance of the mesh size used during screening of granules?
When is direct compression preferred in tablet formulation?
When is direct compression preferred in tablet formulation?
What is the primary reason for including a binder agent in lozenge tablets?
What is the primary reason for including a binder agent in lozenge tablets?
Which of the following should NOT be added to lozenge tablets?
Which of the following should NOT be added to lozenge tablets?
What is the characteristic reaction of effervescent tablets when mixed with water?
What is the characteristic reaction of effervescent tablets when mixed with water?
Which type of tablet is specifically shaped to ease insertion?
Which type of tablet is specifically shaped to ease insertion?
What is the primary purpose of using disintegrants in tablet formulation?
What is the primary purpose of using disintegrants in tablet formulation?
What is the intended duration of release for implantation tablets?
What is the intended duration of release for implantation tablets?
What is the role of diluents in tablet preparation?
What is the role of diluents in tablet preparation?
What type of agent must be included in effervescent tablets for their desired effect?
What type of agent must be included in effervescent tablets for their desired effect?
Which of the following preparations is most suitable for maintaining higher stability of a drug?
Which of the following preparations is most suitable for maintaining higher stability of a drug?
What is one method to reduce the risk of hydrolysis in drugs?
What is one method to reduce the risk of hydrolysis in drugs?
Which of the following agents is used to prevent oxidation in drug formulations?
Which of the following agents is used to prevent oxidation in drug formulations?
Which condition primarily enhances the rate of polymerization in drug formulations?
Which condition primarily enhances the rate of polymerization in drug formulations?
Which of the following alterations describes optical isomerization?
Which of the following alterations describes optical isomerization?
What is a common group that may break down through hydrolysis?
What is a common group that may break down through hydrolysis?
What effect does lowering the temperature have on polymerization reactions?
What effect does lowering the temperature have on polymerization reactions?
Which method will NOT help in preventing oxidation of sensitive drugs?
Which method will NOT help in preventing oxidation of sensitive drugs?
What effect does probenecid have on indomethacin concentrations in plasma?
What effect does probenecid have on indomethacin concentrations in plasma?
Which combination of drugs may lead to increased cardiac toxicity due to hypokalemia?
Which combination of drugs may lead to increased cardiac toxicity due to hypokalemia?
Which of the following drug combinations could potentially lead to serious respiratory depression?
Which of the following drug combinations could potentially lead to serious respiratory depression?
What is the primary reason for the incompatibility between tetracycline and penicillin?
What is the primary reason for the incompatibility between tetracycline and penicillin?
Why should warfarin and vitamin K not be used together?
Why should warfarin and vitamin K not be used together?
What adverse effect could result from combining glibenclamide with a syrup containing a high percentage of sugar?
What adverse effect could result from combining glibenclamide with a syrup containing a high percentage of sugar?
What is a common side effect of indomethacin that should be considered in its prescription?
What is a common side effect of indomethacin that should be considered in its prescription?
Which scenario describes physical incompatibility in pharmaceutical mixtures?
Which scenario describes physical incompatibility in pharmaceutical mixtures?
What is the acceptable range of active ingredient concentration in tablets according to BP?
What is the acceptable range of active ingredient concentration in tablets according to BP?
Which type of tablet coating is primarily used to mask unpleasant taste and protect ingredients from decomposition?
Which type of tablet coating is primarily used to mask unpleasant taste and protect ingredients from decomposition?
Which of the following coatings is designed to dissolve in the intestine rather than the stomach?
Which of the following coatings is designed to dissolve in the intestine rather than the stomach?
What is the primary difference between pastilles and lozenges?
What is the primary difference between pastilles and lozenges?
What classification of drug incompatibility occurs due to antagonistic drug interactions?
What classification of drug incompatibility occurs due to antagonistic drug interactions?
Which agents are commonly used in enteric coatings?
Which agents are commonly used in enteric coatings?
What is the main purpose of film coating on tablets?
What is the main purpose of film coating on tablets?
Which example represents a common use for lozenges?
Which example represents a common use for lozenges?
What effect do drugs like metoclopramide have on gastrointestinal motility?
What effect do drugs like metoclopramide have on gastrointestinal motility?
How does paraffin oil affect the absorption of Vitamin A?
How does paraffin oil affect the absorption of Vitamin A?
Which drug combination will likely increase the toxicity of phenylbutazone?
Which drug combination will likely increase the toxicity of phenylbutazone?
Which of the following drug classes is known to induce liver enzymes and decrease plasma concentration of certain drugs?
Which of the following drug classes is known to induce liver enzymes and decrease plasma concentration of certain drugs?
What is the consequence of administering acidic drugs in an acidic media?
What is the consequence of administering acidic drugs in an acidic media?
Which of the following drug combinations might compete for elimination and increase the toxicity of one of the drugs?
Which of the following drug combinations might compete for elimination and increase the toxicity of one of the drugs?
Which of the following substances is an example of a drug that inhibits liver enzymes?
Which of the following substances is an example of a drug that inhibits liver enzymes?
What effect does amphetamine have on gastrointestinal motility?
What effect does amphetamine have on gastrointestinal motility?
What is a common cause of picking during tablet compression?
What is a common cause of picking during tablet compression?
Which method can help prevent capping in tablet production?
Which method can help prevent capping in tablet production?
What factor can lead to weight variation in tablets?
What factor can lead to weight variation in tablets?
Lamination in tablets is primarily caused by which of the following?
Lamination in tablets is primarily caused by which of the following?
Which of the following is a potential solution to address mottling in tablets?
Which of the following is a potential solution to address mottling in tablets?
What type of punch is recommended to avoid sticking during tableting?
What type of punch is recommended to avoid sticking during tableting?
What causes hardiness variation in tablets?
What causes hardiness variation in tablets?
Which processing issue is specifically due to the presence of excess fine powder in granules?
Which processing issue is specifically due to the presence of excess fine powder in granules?
What is a primary benefit of using the direct compression method in tablet formulation?
What is a primary benefit of using the direct compression method in tablet formulation?
Which of the following is NOT considered a defect in tablet production?
Which of the following is NOT considered a defect in tablet production?
What role do excipients like diluents play in tablet formulation?
What role do excipients like diluents play in tablet formulation?
When is slugging particularly used in tablet manufacturing?
When is slugging particularly used in tablet manufacturing?
Which type of compression machine may be utilized for tablet production?
Which type of compression machine may be utilized for tablet production?
What can occur if there is an over-wetting of the tablet mixture?
What can occur if there is an over-wetting of the tablet mixture?
Which factor is critical for ensuring the proper filling of the die cavity during tablet formation?
Which factor is critical for ensuring the proper filling of the die cavity during tablet formation?
In the context of tablet preparation, what is the significance of the sieve's mesh size?
In the context of tablet preparation, what is the significance of the sieve's mesh size?
Which of the following methods is NOT commonly used for tablet preparation?
Which of the following methods is NOT commonly used for tablet preparation?
What is a common tablet defect related to appearance?
What is a common tablet defect related to appearance?
What role do glidants play in tablet formulation?
What role do glidants play in tablet formulation?
Which of the following is an example of a disintegrant?
Which of the following is an example of a disintegrant?
What defect in tablet formation is primarily caused by insufficient lubrication?
What defect in tablet formation is primarily caused by insufficient lubrication?
Which excipient is used to mask the bitter taste of a drug?
Which excipient is used to mask the bitter taste of a drug?
Which type of compression machinery is typically used for producing tablets?
Which type of compression machinery is typically used for producing tablets?
Which of the following substances can act as an anti-adhesive in tablet formulation?
Which of the following substances can act as an anti-adhesive in tablet formulation?
Flashcards
Lozenges
Lozenges
Tablets designed to dissolve slowly in the mouth, providing a sustained effect on the throat. They typically contain binders to delay the release of the active ingredient.
Effervescent Tablets
Effervescent Tablets
Tablets used to prepare a solution by reacting with water. They contain sodium bicarbonate and citric acid (or tartaric acid), which release carbon dioxide upon contact with water, causing effervescence.
Vaginal Tablets
Vaginal Tablets
Tablets designed for insertion into the vagina. They are typically oval or almond-shaped for easier insertion.
Implantation Tablets
Implantation Tablets
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Diluents
Diluents
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Binders
Binders
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Disintegrants
Disintegrants
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Tablet Compression
Tablet Compression
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Sugar Coating (Dragification)
Sugar Coating (Dragification)
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Film Coating
Film Coating
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Compression Coating
Compression Coating
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Enteric Coating
Enteric Coating
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Therapeutic Incompatibility
Therapeutic Incompatibility
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Chemical Incompatibility
Chemical Incompatibility
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Physical Incompatibility
Physical Incompatibility
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Dry Granulation
Dry Granulation
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Direct Compression
Direct Compression
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Lubricant
Lubricant
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Drying
Drying
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Competitive plasma protein binding
Competitive plasma protein binding
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Enzyme induction
Enzyme induction
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Enzyme inhibition
Enzyme inhibition
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Drug elimination based on urine pH
Drug elimination based on urine pH
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Competitive renal elimination
Competitive renal elimination
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Increased GI motility and drug absorption
Increased GI motility and drug absorption
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Decreased GI motility and drug absorption
Decreased GI motility and drug absorption
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Drugs affecting GI motility
Drugs affecting GI motility
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Synergistic Action
Synergistic Action
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Adverse Action on Same Organ
Adverse Action on Same Organ
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Antagonistic Action
Antagonistic Action
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Pharmacokinetic Interactions
Pharmacokinetic Interactions
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Pharmacodynamic Interactions
Pharmacodynamic Interactions
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Drug Concentration Increase
Drug Concentration Increase
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Drug Concentration Decrease
Drug Concentration Decrease
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Oxidation
Oxidation
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Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis
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Polymerization
Polymerization
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Isomerization
Isomerization
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Optical Isomerization
Optical Isomerization
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Replacing O2 with N2
Replacing O2 with N2
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Selecting appropriate solvent
Selecting appropriate solvent
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Adding hygroscopic agents
Adding hygroscopic agents
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Glidants
Glidants
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Coloring Agents
Coloring Agents
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Sweeting Agents
Sweeting Agents
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Flavoring Agents
Flavoring Agents
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Wet Granulation Method
Wet Granulation Method
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Diluent - What are they?
Diluent - What are they?
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Drying Granules
Drying Granules
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Wet Granulation - How is it done?
Wet Granulation - How is it done?
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Picking
Picking
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Sticking
Sticking
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Capping
Capping
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Lamination
Lamination
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Mottling
Mottling
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Hardiness Variation
Hardiness Variation
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Binding in the Die
Binding in the Die
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Weight Variation
Weight Variation
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Study Notes
Oxidizing Agents
- Oxidizing agents (e.g., chlorate, dichromate, permanganate, nitrate, sodium peroxide, silver nitrate, silver oxide) react violently when ground in a mortar with a reducing agent (e.g., sulfides, sulfur, tannic acid, charcoal).
- Solution:
- Comminute each salt separately.
- Subject to minimum pressure.
Special Powders
Effervescent Powders
- Definition: A mixture of organic acid and alkali that effervesces when exposed to water due to the reaction between the acid and base, releasing carbon dioxide.
- Examples: Citric or tartaric acids with sodium carbonate or bicarbonate.
- Advantages of the liberated carbon dioxide:
- Masks bitter and nauseous taste.
- Promotes gastric secretions, accelerating absorption.
- Acts as a carminative.
- Has a psychologically positive effect, particularly on children.
- Formulation:
- Bulk powders or divided powders:
- Packed in separate packages of contrasting colors.
- Mixed with water at the time of dosing.
- Liquid is consumed after the reaction subsides.
- Effervescent Granules:
- Sweetened effervescent powders formulated in granules.
- Bulk powders or divided powders:
Methods of Granulation
Wet Granulation
- Procedure:
- Mix powders without pressure in a suitable container.
- Add alcohol in portions, stirring until a dough-like mass forms.
- Pass the materials through sieve #6.
- Dry the resulting granules at a temperature not exceeding 50°C.
- Pack granules in airtight containers.
Dry Granulation
- Procedure:
- Dry all ingredients (except citric acid monohydrate) and pass through sieve #60.
- Thoroughly mix powders and add citric acid crystals (un-effloresced).
- Spread the mixture in a shallow dish and place it in a preheated oven (99-105°C).
- Allow crystallization of citric acid to take place.
- Stir the powders in a water bath to prevent overheating.
- Stir until the powders become moist and form a doughy mass.
- Granulate by passing through sieve #6 and dry.
Packaging
- Effervescent granules or powders have a short shelf life, especially in wide-mouthed, screw-capped containers.
- Stability of granules and powders is improved by packaging in tightly sealed aluminum bags.
Test Evaluation of Effervescent Powders
- Weigh 0.25g of powder, add 5ml distilled water, calculate:
- Effervescence time.
- Carbon dioxide volume produced.
- Duration period for complete effervescence.
- Solution purity after effervescence.
Capsules
- Definition: Solid unit dosage forms that encapsulate one or more medicinal ingredients in a small shell or container, usually made of gelatin.
- Advantages:
- Mask taste and odor of unpleasant drugs.
- Easy to swallow due to slipperiness when moist.
- Fewer adjuncts are required compared to tablets.
- Easily and quickly digested in the gastrointestinal tract.
- Economical.
- Easy to handle and carry.
- Shells can be opacified or colored for protection.
- Disadvantages:
- Hygroscopic drugs can absorb water from the shell, making it brittle.
- Concentrated solutions may cause stomach irritation if not diluted beforehand.
Types of Capsules
- Hard gelatin capsules: Enclose solid drug ingredients.
- Soft gelatin capsules: Enclose liquid and semisolid drug ingredients.
- Enteric coated capsules: Designed to dissolve in the intestine, not the stomach
- Sustained release capsules: Release drug ingredients slowly over a period of hours.
Difficulties in Filling Capsules
- Adding hygroscopic powders to capsules can absorb water, causing cracking.
- Magnesium bicarbonate or MgO can be added to address this issue.
- Use diluents (e.g., sucrose) to increase the bulk of smaller drug quantities for easier filling.
- Place incompatible ingredients in smaller capsules and then those in larger capsules.
Soft Gelatin Capsules
- Soft, flexible, single-piece shells made from gelatin and plasticizers.
- Can't be opened, only ruptured.
- Fill with liquid or semisolids.
Ophthalmic Ointments
- Can be packaged in unit dose capsules.
Enteric Coated Capsules
- Capsule designed to dissolve in the intestine, delaying drug release until it reaches that point.
Sustained Release Capsules (Spansules)
- Powdered drug converted into pellets that are coated (increasing thickness in stages) to release the drug over time periods.
Quality Control of Capsules
- Quality control tests are varied, depending on the manufacturing scale and method.
Packaging and Storage of Capsules
- Store in closed containers in a cool environment.
- Pharmaceutical Aspects:
- Drug availability from solution > suspension > powder-filled capsule > compressed tablet > coated tablet.
- Liquid drug form, suspensions can improve the bioavailability of drugs,
- Orally administered drugs, particularly chronic ones, can affect gastric tolerance.
Tablets
-
Definition: Solid dosage form produced by dry or wet granulation or direct compression containing medicaments with or without excipients to elicit a desired pharmacological response.
-
Advantages:
- Compact and easily portable.
- Easy to swallow.
- Ease of compliance for patients.
- Bitter taste can be masked by coating.
- Cheaper than other solid medications.
-
No need for measuring the exact dose.
-
Disadvantages of Tablets:
- Difficulty in swallowing for children and older adults.
- Slow dissolution profile
-
How to Achieve Good Tablets:
-
Accurate and uniform weight.
-
Proper distribution of drug within the tablets.
-
Appropriate sizes and shapes, aiding in administration.
-
Stability against disintegration in the stomach
-
Physical and chemical stability for storage.
-
Avoid breakage in transit, physical appearance.
-
-
Manufacturing Defects to Avoid
- manufacturing defects need to be avoided.
-
Types of Tablets
Molded tablets
- Created from moist, rapidly dissolving material pressed into a mold.
Compressed tablets
- Powders compressed into a specific size or shape.
Chewable tablets
-
Generally for children or patients who have difficulty swallowing.
-
Disintegrates quickly, acceptable taste, and flavor
Soluble tablets
- Dissolves fully in liquids
Sugar-coated tablets
- Used to mask unpleasant taste
Film-Coated Tablets
- Improved stability from atmospheric conditions
Enteric-coated tablets
- Release of drug in the intestine
Multi-layered tablets
- Contains different active ingredients
Delayed-release tablets
- Prolonged release of medication
Press-coated tablets
-
Created from other compressed tablets.
-
Used to combine incompatible ingredients
Buccal tablets and Sublingual tablets
- Designed to dissolve in the oral cavity
Lozenges
- Dissolved slowly in the mouth, providing continuous action.
Effervescent tablets
- Drug containing sodium bicarbonate and citric acid or tartaric acid, effervescing when exposed to water
Vaginal tablets
- Special shape for ease of insertion.
Implantation tablets
- Insertion under the skin
Tablet Preparation Methods
- Wet granulation method
- Dry granulation method
- Direct compression method
Tablet Evaluation Tests
- General Appearance
- Tablet Thickness
- Weight Variation Test
- Hardness test
- Friability Test
- Disintegration test
- Dissolution test
- Uniformity of Content
Packaging and Storage of Tablets
- Store in well-closed containers in a cool, dry place to maintain quality and stability.
Drug Incompatibilities
-
Definition: When two or more ingredients are combined, the resulting product has undesired physical, chemical or therapeutic changes which can negatively impact safety of the drug.
-
Classification:
- Therapeutic incompatibilities
- Chemical incompatibilities
- Physical incompatibilities
-
Causes of incompatibility:
- Drug interactions
- Overdose
- Improper dosage
- Incorrect dosage form
Alterations in Drug Elimination from the Kidney
-
Some drugs depend on pH to be eliminated from the kidney, affected by other drugs that change the pH
-
Some drugs are eliminated via active transport.
Drug Interactions in General
-
Inhibitory or promotional effects on the activity of a drug.
-
Drugs that affect absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion rates of other drugs.
Additional Notes
-
Various types of tablet preparation or capsule preparation processes exist.
-
Methods are selected based on the specific needs or characteristics of the drug.
-
Proper storage and handling of capsules and tablets are crucial to maintain quality and efficacy.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the formulation and preparation of pharmaceutical tablets. This quiz covers key aspects such as binding agents, lubrication, disintegration, and tablet characteristics essential for pharmaceutical applications. Perfect for students studying pharmacy or related fields.
