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Questions and Answers
What does the symbol '%' represent in pharmaceutical solutions?
What does the symbol '%' represent in pharmaceutical solutions?
Which method is least preferred by pharmacists for preparing solutions?
Which method is least preferred by pharmacists for preparing solutions?
What should pharmacists avoid when dissolving volatile solutes?
What should pharmacists avoid when dissolving volatile solutes?
What is a common reaction that occurs with certain calcium salts when they dissolve?
What is a common reaction that occurs with certain calcium salts when they dissolve?
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Which of the following techniques can increase the rate of solution?
Which of the following techniques can increase the rate of solution?
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What is necessary for a pharmaceutical preparation to be considered stable?
What is necessary for a pharmaceutical preparation to be considered stable?
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How are most pharmaceutical solutions prepared?
How are most pharmaceutical solutions prepared?
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What is one benefit of using a mortar and pestle for particle size reduction?
What is one benefit of using a mortar and pestle for particle size reduction?
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What is the recommended storage duration for a reconstituted oral solution in the refrigerator?
What is the recommended storage duration for a reconstituted oral solution in the refrigerator?
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Which of the following is NOT a reason for a pharmacist to prepare an oral solution?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for a pharmacist to prepare an oral solution?
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What might happen if fluid loss during diarrhea is severe?
What might happen if fluid loss during diarrhea is severe?
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What is the primary goal of oral rehydration therapy?
What is the primary goal of oral rehydration therapy?
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What is a common consequence of diarrhea aside from dehydration?
What is a common consequence of diarrhea aside from dehydration?
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Which of the following ions is NOT typically depleted during severe diarrhea?
Which of the following ions is NOT typically depleted during severe diarrhea?
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How many mEq of potassium does a liter of typical oral rehydration solution contain?
How many mEq of potassium does a liter of typical oral rehydration solution contain?
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Which of the following statements about oral rehydration salts (ORS) is true?
Which of the following statements about oral rehydration salts (ORS) is true?
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What is the primary purpose of the oral colonic lavage solution?
What is the primary purpose of the oral colonic lavage solution?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the oral colonic lavage solution?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the oral colonic lavage solution?
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How is the PEG-3350 in the oral colonic lavage solution expected to function in the gastrointestinal tract?
How is the PEG-3350 in the oral colonic lavage solution expected to function in the gastrointestinal tract?
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What is the advised dosage of the oral colonic lavage solution for adults?
What is the advised dosage of the oral colonic lavage solution for adults?
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What should patients be advised regarding the consumption of the oral colonic lavage solution?
What should patients be advised regarding the consumption of the oral colonic lavage solution?
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How long does it typically take for the first bowel movement to occur after consuming the oral colonic lavage solution?
How long does it typically take for the first bowel movement to occur after consuming the oral colonic lavage solution?
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Why are traditional bowel preparation methods considered problematic?
Why are traditional bowel preparation methods considered problematic?
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Which of the following describes magnesium citrate oral solution?
Which of the following describes magnesium citrate oral solution?
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What is the primary purpose of adding flavorants and colorants to oral solutions?
What is the primary purpose of adding flavorants and colorants to oral solutions?
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What does shelf life refer to in the context of drugs?
What does shelf life refer to in the context of drugs?
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Why must a pharmacist be cautious about the ingredients in oral solutions?
Why must a pharmacist be cautious about the ingredients in oral solutions?
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What characteristic defines a drug as 'effective' in oral solutions?
What characteristic defines a drug as 'effective' in oral solutions?
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What is a common reason for manufacturers to provide certain medications as dry mixtures for reconstitution?
What is a common reason for manufacturers to provide certain medications as dry mixtures for reconstitution?
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Which of the following is a factor affecting the palatability of oral solutions?
Which of the following is a factor affecting the palatability of oral solutions?
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What is the role of preservatives in oral solutions?
What is the role of preservatives in oral solutions?
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Which measurement is typically a dose in liquid pharmaceuticals for oral administration?
Which measurement is typically a dose in liquid pharmaceuticals for oral administration?
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What is the primary use of magnesium citrate solution?
What is the primary use of magnesium citrate solution?
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What is the composition of the sodium citrate and citric acid oral solution?
What is the composition of the sodium citrate and citric acid oral solution?
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Which ingredient is NOT commonly used to flavor the magnesium citrate solution?
Which ingredient is NOT commonly used to flavor the magnesium citrate solution?
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What is the purpose of systemic alkalinization with sodium citrate and citric acid oral solution?
What is the purpose of systemic alkalinization with sodium citrate and citric acid oral solution?
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What is the primary characteristic of aromatic waters?
What is the primary characteristic of aromatic waters?
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Which of the following statements is true about diluted acids?
Which of the following statements is true about diluted acids?
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What role does carbon dioxide play in the preparation of magnesium citrate solution?
What role does carbon dioxide play in the preparation of magnesium citrate solution?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a volatile substance used in aromatic waters?
Which of the following is NOT considered a volatile substance used in aromatic waters?
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Study Notes
Pharmaceutical Solutions
- Pharmaceutical solutions are typically unsaturated, meaning the amount of solute dissolved is less than the solvent's capacity.
- Solution strengths are commonly expressed as percentages, using symbols like "/v" for weight in volume, "/w" for weight in weight, and "/v" for volume in volume.
- Dissolving agents may require extended time, prompting the use of techniques like heating, reducing particle size, using solubilizers, or vigorous agitation.
- Heat should be used cautiously, as it can cause drug deterioration or volatile compound loss.
- Some agents, like calcium salts, release heat during dissolution (exothermic reaction).
- Decreasing particle size increases surface area, accelerating dissolution. This is achieved through comminution using mortars and pestles or industrial micronizers.
- On an industrial scale, solutions are prepared in large mixing vessels with mechanical stirrers, often using thermostatically controlled tanks for heat applications.
- Pharmaceutical preparation stability refers to the retention of therapeutic activity and minimal chemical/physical changes over time.
- Expiration dates indicate the product's guaranteed stability period under labeled storage conditions.
- Shelf life refers to the time it takes for a drug stored at room temperature to degrade to 90% of its labeled potency.
Oral Solutions
- Oral solutions often contain flavorants and colorants to improve palatability.
- Stabilizers are added to maintain chemical and physical stability, while preservatives prevent microbial growth.
- Pharmacists must be aware of potential interactions between solution components that could alter stability or potency.
- Liquid pharmaceuticals are formulated to deliver standard doses in small volumes (5 mL, 10 mL, 15 mL).
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Desirable Properties of Oral Solutions:
- Palatable: Acceptable taste, appearance, and odor for the patient.
- Stability: Preserves stated amount of medication and maintains stability over time.
- Effective: Drug exhibits desired absorption, distribution, and other properties.
Dry Mixtures for Solutions
- Some medications, like certain antibiotics, lack stability in aqueous solutions, so they are provided as dry powders or granules for reconstitution with water before dispensing.
- Dry mixtures contain all formulation components except the solvent.
- Reconstituted solutions maintain stability when refrigerated according to labeled instructions (usually 7-14 days).
Oral Solution Dispensing
- Pharmacists can dispense:
- Commercially prepared oral solutions.
- Diluted solutions, often for pediatric use.
- Reconstituted solutions from dry powder mixtures.
- Solutions compounded from bulk components.
- Pharmacists provide patient advice on proper use, dosage, administration, and storage of dispensed solutions.
- Solubility and stability knowledge aids in informing patients about mixing solutions with other liquids (juice, milk).
Oral Rehydration Solutions (ORS)
- Diarrhea can lead to dehydration and even death, especially in infants.
- ORS solutions are used to replace lost fecal water and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, bicarbonate).
- Severe dehydration can cause acidosis, hyperpnea, vomiting, and hypovolemic shock.
- ORS are effective in treating mild volume depletion (5-10% body weight).
- OTC availability and low cost make ORS widely accessible.
- A typical ORS contains 45 mEq Na⁺, 20 mEq K⁺, 35 mEq Cl⁻, 30 mEq citrate, and 25 g dextrose per liter.
- Powder forms must be reconstituted with the correct amount of water.
- Mixing ORS with electrolyte-containing liquids (milk, fruit juices) is not recommended.
Oral Colonic Lavage Solution
- Traditional bowel preparation for procedures like colonoscopy involves a clear liquid diet, laxatives, and cleansing enemas.
- Oral lavage solution provides an alternative, minimizing diet restriction and enemas.
- Composed of electrolytes and polyethylene glycol (PEG-3350), it creates an iso-osmotic solution with a slightly salty taste.
- PEG acts as an osmotic agent in the GI tract, while electrolytes reduce ion absorption/secretion.
- Formulation:
- PEG-3350: 236.00 g
- Sodium sulfate: 22.74 g
- Sodium bicarbonate: 6.74 g
- Sodium chloride: 5.86 g
- Potassium chloride: 2.97 g
- Recommended dose for adults: 4 L consumed in 240 mL portions every 10 minutes.
- Patients should drink each portion quickly.
- Bowel movement typically occurs within 1 hour.
Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution
- Colorless to slightly yellow, effervescent liquid with a sweet, acidulous taste and lemon flavor.
- Contains magnesium citrate equivalent to 1.55-1.9 g magnesium oxide per 100 mL.
- Prepared by reacting magnesium carbonate with citric acid, flavoring with lemon oil and syrup, filtering with talc, and carbonating with bicarbonate.
- Used as a saline cathartic, with citric acid, lemon oil, syrup, carbonation, and low temperature (refrigerated) contributing to patient acceptance.
Sodium Citrate and Citric Acid Oral Solution
- Contains 100 mg sodium citrate and 67 mg citric acid per milliliter.
- Administered orally in 10-30 mL doses up to four times daily as a systemic alkalinizer.
- Useful in maintaining alkaline urine, such as in conditions like uric acid and cystine calculi of the urinary tract.
- Used as an adjuvant with uricosuric agents for gout therapy, as urates crystallize in acidic urine.
Miscellaneous Solutions
Aromatic Waters
- Clear, aqueous solutions saturated with volatile oils or aromatic substances.
- Used as flavored vehicles for water-soluble drugs and in emulsions/suspensions.
- Do not possess significant therapeutic potency due to low active ingredient concentration.
Diluted Acids
- Aqueous solutions prepared by diluting concentrated acids with purified water.
- Strength is typically expressed as % w/v for dilute acids and % w/w for concentrated acids.
- Limited medicinal use today.
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Description
Test your knowledge on pharmaceutical solutions, including their characteristics, preparation methods, and the importance of solute and solvent interactions. This quiz covers essential concepts such as solution strengths, particle size reduction, and dissolution techniques.
