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Questions and Answers
What must be discarded during the distillation process when preparing purified water?
What must be discarded during the distillation process when preparing purified water?
What is the maximum yield of residue when evaporated to dryness for purified water?
What is the maximum yield of residue when evaporated to dryness for purified water?
Which of the following methods eliminates the need for heat in the preparation of purified water?
Which of the following methods eliminates the need for heat in the preparation of purified water?
Purified Water, USP, is specifically intended for use in what context?
Purified Water, USP, is specifically intended for use in what context?
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How does the solid impurity level of purified water compare to that of ordinary tap water?
How does the solid impurity level of purified water compare to that of ordinary tap water?
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Which process is NOT utilized in obtaining Purified Water, USP?
Which process is NOT utilized in obtaining Purified Water, USP?
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What must be done with the last portion of water remaining in the distillation apparatus?
What must be done with the last portion of water remaining in the distillation apparatus?
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Among the following methods, which is not primarily used for preparing purified water?
Among the following methods, which is not primarily used for preparing purified water?
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What is the primary purpose of using isopropyl rubbing alcohol in medical settings?
What is the primary purpose of using isopropyl rubbing alcohol in medical settings?
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Which method is primarily used for producing purified water suitable for pharmaceutical applications?
Which method is primarily used for producing purified water suitable for pharmaceutical applications?
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According to water quality standards, which characteristic is essential for acceptable drinking water?
According to water quality standards, which characteristic is essential for acceptable drinking water?
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What is a disadvantage of using ordinary tap water in pharmaceutical preparations?
What is a disadvantage of using ordinary tap water in pharmaceutical preparations?
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Which process can effectively remove dissolved salts from water, making it appropriate for pharmaceutical use?
Which process can effectively remove dissolved salts from water, making it appropriate for pharmaceutical use?
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Isopropyl alcohol is commonly used in concentrations of 70% for what reason?
Isopropyl alcohol is commonly used in concentrations of 70% for what reason?
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Propylene glycol is often used as a substitute for glycerin due to its:
Propylene glycol is often used as a substitute for glycerin due to its:
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Which category of impurities must be minimized in water to meet the standards for pharmaceutical applications?
Which category of impurities must be minimized in water to meet the standards for pharmaceutical applications?
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What is the primary particle size range that reverse osmosis can effectively remove?
What is the primary particle size range that reverse osmosis can effectively remove?
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Which method is used to remove virtually all viruses and bacteria from water?
Which method is used to remove virtually all viruses and bacteria from water?
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In pharmaceutical preparations, which of the following is expressed as % w/v?
In pharmaceutical preparations, which of the following is expressed as % w/v?
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When preparing solutions, why is it important to avoid raising the temperature too much?
When preparing solutions, why is it important to avoid raising the temperature too much?
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What percentage strength is represented by 1% w/v?
What percentage strength is represented by 1% w/v?
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Which of the following describes the purpose of nanofiltration?
Which of the following describes the purpose of nanofiltration?
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What does the expression '1:1,000 v/v' mean in pharmaceutical solutions?
What does the expression '1:1,000 v/v' mean in pharmaceutical solutions?
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Which statement correctly describes ultrafiltration?
Which statement correctly describes ultrafiltration?
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What is a common application of purified water in pharmaceuticals?
What is a common application of purified water in pharmaceuticals?
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Study Notes
Solutions
- Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of a solute and a solvent.
- Solutes can be solids, liquids, or gases; solvents are typically liquids.
- Pharmaceutical solutions are liquid preparations containing one or more solutes dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture.
- Solutions are classified based on use (oral, otic, ophthalmic, topical, etc.) or composition.
- Examples include syrups (aqueous solutions containing sugar), elixirs (hydroalcoholic combinations), and spirits (alcohol solutions of aromatic materials).
- Tinctures are prepared by extracting active constituents from crude drugs in a solvent.
- Factors affecting solubility include temperature, pressure, solute-solute & solvent-solvent forces, and solute-solvent interactions.
- Solubility describes the maximum concentration of a solute that can dissolve in a given solvent at a particular temperature and pressure.
- A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a particular temperature.
- Solubility is expressed as parts of solvent required for one part of solute.
- Relative terms of solubility include very soluble, freely soluble, soluble, sparingly soluble, slightly soluble, very slightly soluble, practically insoluble, or insoluble.
- Solubility differences exist between various types of compounds.
- Inorganic compounds are often water-soluble if both cation and anion are monovalent.
- Oral solutions, syrups, and elixirs are prepared for systemic effects and more rapid absorption than solid dosage forms.
Solubility
- Attractive forces between atoms form molecules and ions.
- Intermolecular forces determine the physical state (solid, liquid, or gas)
- Attractive and repulsive forces affect molecular cohere and interpenetration.
- Molecules align with other dipoles.
- Dipoles and Hydrogen bonding connect polar and non-polar molecules
- Hydrogen bonds are important for solubility.
- Hydrogen bonding exists within alcohol molecules, esters, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, and polypeptides.
- Solubility of a substance depends on solute-solute & solvent-solvent forces, and the solute-solvent interaction, achieved by breaking solute-solute and solvent-solvent forces.
- Maximum concentration is a measure of solubility.
- Different solvents can dissolve various compounds given their composition.
- Solubility is affected by chemical makeup of the compound and the solvent with which it's in contact.
Solubility of Organic Compounds
- Similar structures (dipole-dipole and van der Waals forces) result in a greater tendency for like to dissolve like.
- Polar compounds tend to dissolve in polar solvents.
- Nonpolar compounds tend to dissolve in nonpolar solvents which is based on their structures and functional groups
- Size and electrostatic field of hydrogen atom affects the electrostatic attraction of the compound. Important for hydrogen bonding.
- Halogen atoms decrease water solubility whilst increasing molecular weight.
Methods of Expressing Strengths of Pharmaceutical Preparations
- Percent weight in volume (% w/v)
- Percent volume in volume (% v/v)
- Percent weight in weight (% w/w)
- Ratios of strength to weight in volume (e.g., 1:1,000 w/v)
- Ratio of strength to volume in volume (e.g., 1:1,000 v/v)
Preparation of Solutions
- Heat
- Agitation
- Solubilising agents
- Decreasing particle size (comminution) of solids
- Percolation
- Maceration
Some Solvents for Liquid Preparations
- Alcohol
- Water
- Glycerol/Glycerin
- Isopropyl alcohol
- Propylene glycol
- Combinations of the above
Oral Solutions and Preparations for Oral Solutions
- Oral solutions can be commercially prepared or compounded.
- Flavors and colors are often included to make them more appealing.
- Stabilizers and preservatives are used to maintain quality.
- Solutions are formulated to deliver the correct dose quickly and easily.
- Dry mixtures for solution are used when ingredients need to remain stable during storage before the final solution is prepared.
Oral Rehydration Solutions
- Crucial for rapid fluid loss and dehydration, especially in infants and children.
- Consists of electrolytes and glucose to replace lost constituents efficiently.
- Appropriate doses must be administered effectively.
- This method is used in situations such as diarrhea in order to replenish lost fluids and electrolytes.
Topical Solutions & Tinctures
- Topical solutions are often prepared by dissolving an active agent in an aqueous solvent.
- Topical tinctures are often solutions of an active agent in alcohol or a hydroalcoholic solvent.
- Both are intended for application to skin, mucous membranes or the nasal cavity.
- Used for their therapeutic effect, whilst applying to skin/mucous membranes.
- Tinctures may be administered by simply soaking affected area in the prescribed solution, applying a thin layer of liquid to the specific area, or by applying multiple drops over the area, according to the nature of the solution and the directions from the pharmacist.
Collodions
- Liquid preparations of pyroxylin (nitrocellulose).
- Used as a protective film for skin, wounds, and to provide an occlusive surface for other components when applied.
- Store away from flames as pyroxylin is highly flammable.
Aromatic Waters
- Clear aqueous solutions saturated with volatile oils.
- Mostly used as flavorings or perfuming agents.
Diluted Acids
- Solutions prepared by diluting concentrated acids with water.
- Strengths are usually expressed as a percentage weight per volume.
- Employed in various pharmaceutical applications (e.g., as a vehicle, for chemical reactions, and in the preparation of some substances).
Spirits
- Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances.
- Used as flavorings and as medicinals.
- Used as a vehicle or as a means for enhancing the taste of a medicinal substance in other preparations.
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Description
Explore the essential aspects of pharmaceutical solutions, including their components, classifications, and examples. Understand the factors influencing solubility and the preparation methods for various solution types. This quiz will enhance your knowledge of how solutes and solvents interact in medicinal contexts.
