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What defines pharmaceutical solutions in a general context?
What defines pharmaceutical solutions in a general context?
- Solid preparations containing one or more chemical substances.
- Gaseous mixtures that stabilize pharmaceutical compounds.
- Liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent. (correct)
- Paste-like substances that facilitate drug absorption.
Which type of pharmaceutical solution is specifically designed for application in the ear?
Which type of pharmaceutical solution is specifically designed for application in the ear?
- Ophthalmic solution
- Otic solution (correct)
- Topical solution
- Oral solution
What is the primary factor that can influence the solubility of a solute in a solvent?
What is the primary factor that can influence the solubility of a solute in a solvent?
- The color of the solvent
- The shape of the solute
- The mass of the solvent
- The temperature of the solution (correct)
A patient requires a medication to be administered through an injection. Which classification of pharmaceutical solution should be used?
A patient requires a medication to be administered through an injection. Which classification of pharmaceutical solution should be used?
How is solubility commonly expressed in pharmaceutical contexts?
How is solubility commonly expressed in pharmaceutical contexts?
What is a primary solvent for many organic compounds?
What is a primary solvent for many organic compounds?
Which substance can form salts when combined with dilute acids?
Which substance can form salts when combined with dilute acids?
What is the recommended alcohol content limit for OTC oral products intended for children under 6 years of age?
What is the recommended alcohol content limit for OTC oral products intended for children under 6 years of age?
Which of the following factors does NOT affect solubility?
Which of the following factors does NOT affect solubility?
What is the composition of Dehydrated Alcohol, USP?
What is the composition of Dehydrated Alcohol, USP?
What is the purpose of denatonium benzoate in rubbing alcohol?
What is the purpose of denatonium benzoate in rubbing alcohol?
What is a common property of glycerin?
What is a common property of glycerin?
Rubbing alcohol is primarily used for which purpose?
Rubbing alcohol is primarily used for which purpose?
What is the primary reason why propylene glycol is frequently used in pharmaceutical formulations?
What is the primary reason why propylene glycol is frequently used in pharmaceutical formulations?
Which characteristic of purified water makes it suitable for pharmaceutical preparations?
Which characteristic of purified water makes it suitable for pharmaceutical preparations?
What is the role of preservatives in oral solutions?
What is the role of preservatives in oral solutions?
What does the term 'rubefacient' refer to in the context of isopropyl rubbing alcohol?
What does the term 'rubefacient' refer to in the context of isopropyl rubbing alcohol?
What are pyrogens, and why is it important that water used for injections be free of them?
What are pyrogens, and why is it important that water used for injections be free of them?
Which element is NOT a typical component found in oral solutions intended for administration?
Which element is NOT a typical component found in oral solutions intended for administration?
Why might certain antibiotics be available as dry powder mixtures instead of liquid solutions?
Why might certain antibiotics be available as dry powder mixtures instead of liquid solutions?
In the context of rubefacients, how is isopropyl alcohol most commonly utilized?
In the context of rubefacients, how is isopropyl alcohol most commonly utilized?
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Study Notes
Pharmaceutical Solutions Overview
- Pharmaceutical solutions are liquid preparations containing one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent.
- USP42/NF37 defines pharmaceutical solutions for oral administration incorporating flavoring, sweetening, or coloring agents dissolved in water or co-solvent mixtures.
Types of Pharmaceutical Solutions
- Oral Solution: For internal use.
- Otic Solution: For ear applications.
- Ophthalmic Solution: For eye applications.
- Topical Solution: For skin applications.
- Injection (Parenteral) Solution: For intravenous or intramuscular purposes.
Solubility Concepts
- Solubility is expressed as grams of solute per milliliters of solvent (e.g., 1 g of sodium chloride dissolves in 2.8 mL of water).
- General solubility terms define relative solubility, categorized by the number of solvent parts required per part of solute.
Factors Influencing Solubility
- Temperature levels can increase or decrease solubility.
- The chemical and physical properties of both solute and solvent affect solubility.
- Variations in pressure and pH can impact solute dissolution.
- Smaller particle sizes and agitation enhance solubility.
Types of Drugs and Solubility
- Weak Acids: Generally low solubility in water, but can dissolve in dilute bases to form soluble salts (e.g., Phenobarbital as phenobarbitone sodium).
- Weak Bases: Poor solubility in water, but dissolve in dilute acids to form salts (e.g., codeine, morphine as morphine HCl).
Common Solvents in Liquid Preparations
- Alcohol: Effective solvent for organic compounds; forms hydroalcoholic mixtures with water, used for extracting active constituents.
- Dehydrated Alcohol (USP): Contains at least 99.5% ethanol; used when water-free alcohol is necessary, especially in products for children.
- Diluted Alcohol (NF): Equal parts of Alcohol, USP, and purified water; functions as a hydroalcoholic solvent.
- Rubbing Alcohol: Contains 70% ethyl alcohol; used as a rubefacient, germicidal agent, and skin cleanser.
- Glycerin (USP): Sweet, viscous liquid; preservative qualities; utilized in internal preparations and acts as a stabilizer/cosolvent.
- Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol: Composed of 70% isopropyl alcohol; used externally and for disinfecting prior to injections.
- Propylene Glycol (USP): Viscous, versatile solvent, often replacing glycerin in formulations.
- Purified Water (USP): Water that must yield less than 0.001% residue; key for preparing aqueous dosage forms but not for injections.
Parenteral Solutions and Quality Control
- Water used in injections must be free of pyrogens, produced by microbial metabolism.
- Pyrogen tests may include in vitro methods such as the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) test.
Oral Solutions Preparation
- Oral solutions frequently contain flavorants and colorants to enhance palatability.
- Stabilizers maintain the physical and chemical integrity of medications.
- Preservatives (e.g., parabens) are incorporated to prevent microorganism growth.
Dry Mixtures for Solutions
- Antibiotics like penicillin V are sometimes available as dry powders due to stability issues in aqueous solutions, thus extending shelf-life.
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