Pharmaceutical Powders: Particle Size Analysis
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Questions and Answers

Which method uses the settling velocity of particles through a liquid medium to determine particle size?

  • Microscopy
  • Laser holography
  • Sedimentation rate (correct)
  • Light scattering

    • What is the size range for particles determined by laser scattering?

  • 0.8 to 300 μm
  • 0.2 to 100 μm
  • 0.02 to 2,000 μm (correct)
  • 0.2 to 500 μm

    • Why is a combination of methods frequently preferred for particle analysis?

  • To reduce production costs
  • To meet regulatory requirements
  • To increase the accuracy of size and shape measurements (correct)
  • To simplify the analysis process

    • How does reducing particle size generally affect the number of particles?

    <p>Increases the number of particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle is the sedimentation rate calculated from?

    <p>Stokes' law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method utilizes a calibrated grid or measuring device for sizing particles?

    <p>Microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of energy is primarily involved in the light energy diffraction method?

    <p>Light energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of commercial equipment is commonly used for automated particle size analysis?

    <p>Particle size analyzers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of comminution in pharmaceuticals?

    <p>To facilitate crude drug extraction and enhance absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of medicated powders intended for external use?

    <p>They are applied from a sifter-type container.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a 1 mm cube is reduced to particles that are 10 mm on edge, how many particles are formed?

    <p>1 million particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of reducing agent mentioned?

    <p>Alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage do medicated powders have over tablets and capsules for some patients?

    <p>They may be preferable for patients who have difficulty swallowing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the specific surface area of a drug when its particle size is reduced?

    <p>It increases substantially</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may be administered as powders due to dose size limitations?

    <p>Analgesics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the surface area of a 1 mm cube calculated?

    <p>6 mm² per particle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which combination represents a reducing agent and an oxidizing agent?

    <p>Hydriodic acid and Bromine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total surface area of 1 million particles, each with a surface area of 600 mm²?

    <p>6 × 10^8 mm²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an efflorescent powder?

    <p>Ephedrine sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to have a greater specific surface area for drugs?

    <p>It enhances dissolution rates and absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the surface area contribution of a 10 mm cube?

    <p>600 mm²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic defines an efflorescent powder?

    <p>It contains water of hydration or crystallization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an efflorescent powder in low-humidity environments?

    <p>It can become sticky, pasty, or liquefy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the particle formation process when a cube is sliced on three axes?

    <p>It increases the count of resultant particles exponentially</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the potency differential impact the choice of powder form?

    <p>An anhydrous salt form may be preferable due to stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of manipulations performed on efflorescent powders?

    <p>They may become sticky or liquefy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the high moisture absorption in hygroscopic powders?

    <p>They can lead to clumping and difficulty in dosing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds would likely be found in a table of efflorescent powders?

    <p>Hydrastin hydrochloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do anhydrous forms play in managing efflorescent powders?

    <p>They mitigate the effects of moisture loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding deliquescent powders is true?

    <p>They absorb moisture from the air and can form solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which among the following is not classified as a hygroscopic powder?

    <p>Atropine sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest particle size classification according to the United States Pharmacopeia (USP)?

    <p>Very coarse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following particle sizes is classified as 'fine' according to USP?

    <p>75 μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adjusting and controlling a powder's particle size?

    <p>To achieve efficient production and therapeutic efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter of extremely coarse particles as described in the content?

    <p>10 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term does NOT describe a particle size classification according to USP?

    <p>Ultra fine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the particle size range characterized in pharmaceutical powders according to USP?

    <p>From 10 mm to 1 μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the smallest particle size classification mentioned in the content?

    <p>Very fine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification is likely to contain the largest proportion of powder particles?

    <p>Very coarse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Particle Size and Analysis in Pharmaceutical Powders

    • Pharmaceutical powders and granules range in size from approximately 10 mm down to 1 μm or less.
    • The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) uses descriptive terms like very coarse, coarse, moderately coarse, fine, and very fine to categorize particle sizes. These terms relate to the proportion of powder passing through sieves of specific mesh sizes.
    • Particle size analysis methods include microscopy (0.2 to 100 μm), sedimentation rate (0.8 to 300 μm), light energy diffraction/scattering (0.2 to 500 μm), laser scattering (0.02 to 2,000 μm), and laser holography.
    • Many commercial particle size analyzers automate the process, handling data processing, distribution analysis, and printouts.

    Particle Size Reduction (Comminution)

    • Comminution aims to reduce particle size to improve drug extraction, dissolution rates, dosage form formulation, and drug absorption.
    • Reducing particle size dramatically increases the total surface area.
    • Example: Reducing a 1 mm cube to 10 µm cubes results in 1 million particles and a 100-fold increase in surface area.

    Powder Properties and Handling

    • Hygroscopic powders readily absorb moisture from the air (examples include ammonium bromide, calcium chloride, and sodium iodide).
    • Deliquescent powders absorb enough moisture to dissolve (examples include many of those listed as hygroscopic).
    • Efflorescent powders lose water of hydration, potentially becoming sticky or pasty (examples include atropine sulfate, caffeine, and ferrous sulfate).

    Powder Dosage Forms

    • Medicated powders for external use are applied via sifters or powder aerosols and should be labeled "external use only."
    • Medicated powders for oral use are suitable for local or systemic effects and are an alternative for patients who struggle swallowing tablets or capsules. Powders can also accommodate drugs with bulky doses unsuitable for tablets or capsules.

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    Powders and Granules PDF

    Description

    This quiz focuses on the analysis of particle size in pharmaceutical powders, covering various methods and classifications used in the industry. Learn about the impact of particle size on drug formulation, absorption, and overall efficacy. Assess your understanding of comminution and its significance in pharmacy.

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