Pharmaceutical Formulations Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of adding water to benzoyl peroxide in its formulation?

  • To improve its acne treatment efficacy
  • To make it safer to handle (correct)
  • To enhance its explosive properties
  • To increase its keratolytic effects

    • What type of compounds are iodophors classified as?

  • Oxidants with no germicidal activity
  • Bactericidal and fungicidal complexes (correct)
  • Nonionic surfactants
  • Volatile organic compounds

    • How does iodine act as a germicide?

  • By destabilizing nucleic acids
  • By increasing protein synthesis
  • By iodination and oxidation of proteins (correct)
  • By increasing cellular metabolism

    • Why are surfactants mixed with iodine in iodophor formulations?

    <p>To retain germicidal properties while reducing irritancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of Povidone-iodine contributes to its effectiveness?

    <p>Stable charge-transfer complex formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concentration of water is used in the formulation of benzoyl peroxide to ensure safety?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of iodide salts in iodophors?

    <p>To increase the solubility of iodine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which concentrations is benzoyl peroxide classified as keratolytic and keratogenic?

    <p>5% and 10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary medicinal use of alcohol?

    <p>As an antiseptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the boiling point of the azeotrope formed by commercial ethanol and water?

    <p>78.2°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is NOT commonly added to denatured alcohol?

    <p>Ethyl alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is one way ethanol can be synthesized?

    <p>Sulfuric-acid–catalyzed hydration of ethylene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proof of alcohol that qualifies it as ethyl alcohol?

    <p>At least 160 proof</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does rubbing alcohol have when applied to the skin?

    <p>It produces an evaporative cooling effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of alcohol is specially denatured alcohol treated with to allow for specific uses?

    <p>Various substances including iodine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about alcohol is true?

    <p>Alcohol refers to ethyl alcohol regardless of its source or process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which organomercurial compounds exert their antibacterial action?

    <p>Interacting with sulfhydryl groups in proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the antibacterial efficacy of organomercurials?

    <p>They exhibit reduced activity in the presence of serum proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of Nitromersol distinguishes it as an antiseptic?

    <p>It is nonirritating and nonstaining.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major disadvantage of using mercurials as antiseptics?

    <p>They are potentially toxic and less effective than other agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Thimerosal's antiseptic properties?

    <p>It is a weakly bacteriostatic antiseptic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are preservatives necessary in parenteral and ophthalmic preparations?

    <p>To prevent microbial contamination during use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects the current use of Nitromersol?

    <p>It has been largely replaced by superior agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do thiol-containing compounds affect organomercurials?

    <p>They can reverse the reaction with organomercurials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of acetaldehyde in alcohol metabolism?

    <p>It causes nausea and vomiting when accumulated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of alcohol is primarily used as a chemical reagent or solvent?

    <p>Dehydrated ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes spirits from tinctures in pharmaceutical use?

    <p>Spirits use ethanol as the sole solvent, while tinctures are hydro-alcoholic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is absolute alcohol not suitable for ingestion?

    <p>Residual benzene from its preparation cannot be removed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about isopropyl alcohol is correct?

    <p>It is a colorless liquid with a characteristic odor and bitter taste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of disulfiram in relation to alcohol metabolism?

    <p>To block aldehyde dehydrogenase and increase acetaldehyde.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compound is primarily produced during the oxidation of ethanol?

    <p>Ethanoic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method used to prepare dehydrated ethanol commercially?

    <p>Azeotropic distillation of an ethanol-benzene mixture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sensation does hexylresorcinol produce when applied to the tongue?

    <p>Numbness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason hexylresorcinol is included in throat lozenges?

    <p>For local anesthetic and antiseptic properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following oxidizing agents is specifically mentioned for generating oxygen in tissues?

    <p>Hydrogen peroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria are oxidizing agents especially effective against?

    <p>Anaerobic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one limitation of oxidizing agents as germicidal agents?

    <p>Transient action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of carbamide peroxide?

    <p>As an antiseptic and disinfectant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released when carbamide peroxide is mixed with water?

    <p>Hydrogen peroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of oxidizing agents makes them useful in cleansing contaminated wounds?

    <p>The bubbles formed during oxygen liberation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of chlorobutanol in pharmaceuticals?

    <p>As a bacteriostatic agent for injections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is known for its local anesthetic action?

    <p>Benzyl alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor significantly affects the effectiveness of benzoic acid as a preservative?

    <p>pH of the solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sodium propionate is most effective as a preservative at which pH level?

    <p>Low pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is primarily used in perfumery and occurs naturally in rose oil?

    <p>Phenylethyl Alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of sodium benzoate allows it to function as a preservative in acidic preparations?

    <p>It releases benzoic acid in acidic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is mentioned as an effective antifungal preservative specifically for syrups and elixirs?

    <p>Sorbic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Potassium sorbate is used for what purpose in comparison to sorbic acid?

    <p>When greater water solubility is required</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Local Anti-infectives and Preservatives

    • Local anti-infectives and preservatives are used to prevent bacterial infections.
    • Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic principles using phenol in surgery in 1867.
    • Paul Ehrlich aimed to develop less toxic antimicrobial compounds in 1881.
    • Ehrlich’s discovery of compound 606 (Salvarsan/Arsphenamine) was a breakthrough in treating previously untreatable syphilis.
    • Local antimicrobial properties of phenol and iodine were known before Ehrlich's work.

    Antiseptics and Disinfectants

    • Antiseptics kill or prevent growth of microorganisms on living tissue.
    • Disinfectants kill microorganisms on inanimate surfaces (objects).
    • Alcohol is a useful antiseptic.
      • Antimicrobial potency increases with increasing length of carbon chain in primary alcohols up to octanol.
      • Branching of the alcohol chain decreases antimicrobial potency.
      • Isopropyl alcohol is slightly more active than ethyl alcohol against vegetative bacterial growth.
      • Alcohols denature important proteins and carbohydrates.
      • Ethanol is a clear, colorless, volatile liquid with a pleasant odor.
    • Denatured alcohol is ethanol treated with other substances to make it unsuitable for consumption.
      • Completely denatured alcohol contains added wood alcohol and benzene.
    • Isopropyl alcohol, a colorless, volatile liquid is used as a disinfectant.

    Other Local Anti-infectives and Preservatives

    • Formaldehyde solution, commonly known as formalin is used as a disinfectant with the ability to inactivate harmful microorganisms rapidly.
    • Formaldehyde (HCHO) leads to the formation of formic acid and paraformaldehyde.
    • It is also used as a disinfectant for water supplies and in surgical instruments.
    • Phenol has an unpleasant odor, but is a powerful antiseptic and disinfectant.
    • Cresol forms a yellow to brownish yellow liquid, which is obtained from coal tar and petroleum. It is an inexpensive antiseptic and disinfectant.
    • Chlorine-releasing compounds are used to disinfect water supplies.
    • Iodophors are used as a water disinfectant and a general antiseptic.
    • Quaternary ammonium compounds are cationic surfactants with antimicrobial activity against many kinds of bacteria.

    Preservatives

    • Used in preparations to prevent microbial contamination.
    • Ideal preservatives are effective at low concentrations, non-toxic, compatible with other components, and stable.
    • p-Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives (parabens) are a common class.
    • Methylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben are used to inhibit mold growth, yeast growth, or both.
    • Chlorobutanol is used as a bacteriostatic agent.
    • Benzyl alcohol is commonly used in injectable drugs.
    • Phenylmercuric nitrate is an ingredient in various medical products.

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    Pharmaceutical And Medicinal Organic Chemistry Student Activity Sheet#5 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the formulation and properties of common pharmaceutical compounds such as benzoyl peroxide and iodophors. This quiz covers key concepts like their effectiveness, germicidal actions, and safety considerations. Perfect for students and professionals in the field of pharmacy and medicine.

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