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Questions and Answers
Which excipient is commonly used as an antioxidant?
Which excipient is commonly used as an antioxidant?
- Cellulose acetate phthalate
- Magnesium stearate
- Lactose
- Ascorbic acid (correct)
Which is an example of a hydrophilic or water-soluble base used as a suppository base?
Which is an example of a hydrophilic or water-soluble base used as a suppository base?
- Theobroma oil
- Polyethylene glycol (PEG) (correct)
- Cocoa butter
- Ascorbic acid
Which is a synthetic, biodegradable polymer?
Which is a synthetic, biodegradable polymer?
- Chitosan
- Gelatin
- Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) (correct)
- Hyaluronic acid
What is the approximate percentage of glycine in the amino acid composition of gelatin?
What is the approximate percentage of glycine in the amino acid composition of gelatin?
Which amino acid has the lowest percentage in the composition of gelatin?
Which amino acid has the lowest percentage in the composition of gelatin?
Which of the following is NOT a common excipient mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a common excipient mentioned in the text?
What is the approximate percentage of proline and hydroxyproline combined in the amino acid composition of gelatin?
What is the approximate percentage of proline and hydroxyproline combined in the amino acid composition of gelatin?
Which of the following amino acids has the second highest percentage in the composition of gelatin?
Which of the following amino acids has the second highest percentage in the composition of gelatin?
Which of the following is a naturally-derived, non-synthetic polymer mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a naturally-derived, non-synthetic polymer mentioned in the text?
What type of linkages are present in starch?
What type of linkages are present in starch?
Which of the following is a characteristic of cellulose?
Which of the following is a characteristic of cellulose?
Which of the following is a disintegrant used in tablet formulations?
Which of the following is a disintegrant used in tablet formulations?
Which of the following is a lubricant used in tablet formulations?
Which of the following is a lubricant used in tablet formulations?
What is the source of gelatin?
What is the source of gelatin?
Which of the following is a common coating material for tablets?
Which of the following is a common coating material for tablets?
Which of the following is a common coating material for capsules?
Which of the following is a common coating material for capsules?
Which of the following is a characteristic of magnesium stearate?
Which of the following is a characteristic of magnesium stearate?
What is the difference between starch and cellulose in terms of their structure?
What is the difference between starch and cellulose in terms of their structure?
What is the main purpose of pharmaceutical excipients?
What is the main purpose of pharmaceutical excipients?
Why should pharmaceutical ingredients be stabilized towards different factors?
Why should pharmaceutical ingredients be stabilized towards different factors?
Which excipient is used to inhibit microbial growth in semi-solid dosage forms?
Which excipient is used to inhibit microbial growth in semi-solid dosage forms?
Which excipient should be used to avoid degradation of metals ions in solutions?
Which excipient should be used to avoid degradation of metals ions in solutions?
What is the role of microcrystalline cellulose as a diluent?
What is the role of microcrystalline cellulose as a diluent?
Why are enteric coatings used in pharmaceutical formulations?
Why are enteric coatings used in pharmaceutical formulations?
What distinguishes pharmaceutical excipients from active ingredients?
What distinguishes pharmaceutical excipients from active ingredients?
How do pharmaceutical excipients help maintain drug stability?
How do pharmaceutical excipients help maintain drug stability?
What is the primary function of cocoa butter in semi-solid dosage forms?
What is the primary function of cocoa butter in semi-solid dosage forms?
What is the main function of monolaurate in the context provided?
What is the main function of monolaurate in the context provided?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a synthetic biodegradable polymer mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a synthetic biodegradable polymer mentioned in the text?
What is the degradation mechanism for PLA, PGA, PLGA, and PCL polymers?
What is the degradation mechanism for PLA, PGA, PLGA, and PCL polymers?
Which of the following is NOT a natural polymer mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a natural polymer mentioned in the text?
What is the purpose of using magnesium stearate in pharmaceutical formulations?
What is the purpose of using magnesium stearate in pharmaceutical formulations?
Which polymer has the highest molecular weight range according to the table?
Which polymer has the highest molecular weight range according to the table?
What is the purpose of using cellulose acetate phthalate in pharmaceutical formulations?
What is the purpose of using cellulose acetate phthalate in pharmaceutical formulations?
Which of the following is an example of a buffering agent mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is an example of a buffering agent mentioned in the text?
What is the purpose of using preservatives in pharmaceutical formulations?
What is the purpose of using preservatives in pharmaceutical formulations?
What is the main purpose of using cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) as an enteric coating?
What is the main purpose of using cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) as an enteric coating?
What is the relationship between the pH and the ionization state of carboxylic acids?
What is the relationship between the pH and the ionization state of carboxylic acids?
What is the typical range of pKa values for carboxylic acids?
What is the typical range of pKa values for carboxylic acids?
What is the significance of the number following 'polysorbate' in the name of surfactants like Tween 20, 40, 60, and 80?
What is the significance of the number following 'polysorbate' in the name of surfactants like Tween 20, 40, 60, and 80?
What is the typical range of HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) values for highly lipophilic surfactants?
What is the typical range of HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) values for highly lipophilic surfactants?
How are highly lipophilic surfactants produced?
How are highly lipophilic surfactants produced?
What type of chemical process is involved in the production of gelatin?
What type of chemical process is involved in the production of gelatin?
From which animals are body parts typically used for the production of gelatin?
From which animals are body parts typically used for the production of gelatin?
What is the ionization state of a carboxylic acid when the pH is equal to its pKa value?
What is the ionization state of a carboxylic acid when the pH is equal to its pKa value?
Study Notes
Pharmaceutical Excipients
- Pharmaceutical excipients are any ingredient in a dosage form other than the active ingredient, with no therapeutic effect but still important.
- They must be stabilized against environmental factors, interactions between ingredients, and manufacturing stress.
Types of Excipients
- Binders: starch, cellulose
- Disintegrants: starch, carboxy methyl cellulose, calcium
- Lubricants: magnesium stearate
- Anti-oxidants: ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxyanisole, ascorbyl palmitate, alpha-tocopherol
- Preservatives: parabens, benzoic acid, sodium benzoate
- Coatings: hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), gelatin
- Buffers: citric acid, tartaric acid, sodium bicarbonate, lactic acid
Function of Excipients
- Lactose: diluent
- Magnesium stearate: lubricant
- Cellulose acetate phthalate: enteric coating
- Ascorbic acid: anti-oxidant
Properties of Excipients
- Gelatin: amino acid composition (glycine 21%, proline 12%, etc.)
- Cellulose: 1,4-beta-glycosidic linkages
- Starch: 1,4-alpha-glycosidic linkages
- Polyethylene glycol (PEG): ethylene oxide chains linked through partial hydrolysis of collagen
- Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA): synthetic biodegradable polymer
Biodegradable Polymers
- Natural polymers: fibrin, collagen, chitosan, gelatin, hyaluronic acid
- Synthetic polymers: PLA, PGA, PLGA, PCL, polyorthoesters, poly(dioxanone), poly(anhydrides), poly(trimethylene carbonate), polyphosphazenes
- Degradation mechanisms: enzymatic, hydrolysis, homogeneous, heterogeneous, surface erosion, bulk degradation
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Description
Prepare for your exam by reviewing different types of pharmaceutical excipients, their properties, and functions. This quiz excludes questions on excipient structures.
