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Questions and Answers
Which excipient is commonly used as an antioxidant?
Which is an example of a hydrophilic or water-soluble base used as a suppository base?
Which is a synthetic, biodegradable polymer?
What is the approximate percentage of glycine in the amino acid composition of gelatin?
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Which amino acid has the lowest percentage in the composition of gelatin?
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Which of the following is NOT a common excipient mentioned in the text?
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What is the approximate percentage of proline and hydroxyproline combined in the amino acid composition of gelatin?
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Which of the following amino acids has the second highest percentage in the composition of gelatin?
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Which of the following is a naturally-derived, non-synthetic polymer mentioned in the text?
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What type of linkages are present in starch?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of cellulose?
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Which of the following is a disintegrant used in tablet formulations?
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Which of the following is a lubricant used in tablet formulations?
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What is the source of gelatin?
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Which of the following is a common coating material for tablets?
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Which of the following is a common coating material for capsules?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of magnesium stearate?
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What is the difference between starch and cellulose in terms of their structure?
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What is the main purpose of pharmaceutical excipients?
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Why should pharmaceutical ingredients be stabilized towards different factors?
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Which excipient is used to inhibit microbial growth in semi-solid dosage forms?
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Which excipient should be used to avoid degradation of metals ions in solutions?
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What is the role of microcrystalline cellulose as a diluent?
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Why are enteric coatings used in pharmaceutical formulations?
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What distinguishes pharmaceutical excipients from active ingredients?
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How do pharmaceutical excipients help maintain drug stability?
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What is the primary function of cocoa butter in semi-solid dosage forms?
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What is the main function of monolaurate in the context provided?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a synthetic biodegradable polymer mentioned in the text?
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What is the degradation mechanism for PLA, PGA, PLGA, and PCL polymers?
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Which of the following is NOT a natural polymer mentioned in the text?
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What is the purpose of using magnesium stearate in pharmaceutical formulations?
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Which polymer has the highest molecular weight range according to the table?
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What is the purpose of using cellulose acetate phthalate in pharmaceutical formulations?
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Which of the following is an example of a buffering agent mentioned in the text?
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What is the purpose of using preservatives in pharmaceutical formulations?
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What is the main purpose of using cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) as an enteric coating?
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What is the relationship between the pH and the ionization state of carboxylic acids?
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What is the typical range of pKa values for carboxylic acids?
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What is the significance of the number following 'polysorbate' in the name of surfactants like Tween 20, 40, 60, and 80?
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What is the typical range of HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) values for highly lipophilic surfactants?
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How are highly lipophilic surfactants produced?
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What type of chemical process is involved in the production of gelatin?
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From which animals are body parts typically used for the production of gelatin?
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What is the ionization state of a carboxylic acid when the pH is equal to its pKa value?
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Study Notes
Pharmaceutical Excipients
- Pharmaceutical excipients are any ingredient in a dosage form other than the active ingredient, with no therapeutic effect but still important.
- They must be stabilized against environmental factors, interactions between ingredients, and manufacturing stress.
Types of Excipients
- Binders: starch, cellulose
- Disintegrants: starch, carboxy methyl cellulose, calcium
- Lubricants: magnesium stearate
- Anti-oxidants: ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxyanisole, ascorbyl palmitate, alpha-tocopherol
- Preservatives: parabens, benzoic acid, sodium benzoate
- Coatings: hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), gelatin
- Buffers: citric acid, tartaric acid, sodium bicarbonate, lactic acid
Function of Excipients
- Lactose: diluent
- Magnesium stearate: lubricant
- Cellulose acetate phthalate: enteric coating
- Ascorbic acid: anti-oxidant
Properties of Excipients
- Gelatin: amino acid composition (glycine 21%, proline 12%, etc.)
- Cellulose: 1,4-beta-glycosidic linkages
- Starch: 1,4-alpha-glycosidic linkages
- Polyethylene glycol (PEG): ethylene oxide chains linked through partial hydrolysis of collagen
- Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA): synthetic biodegradable polymer
Biodegradable Polymers
- Natural polymers: fibrin, collagen, chitosan, gelatin, hyaluronic acid
- Synthetic polymers: PLA, PGA, PLGA, PCL, polyorthoesters, poly(dioxanone), poly(anhydrides), poly(trimethylene carbonate), polyphosphazenes
- Degradation mechanisms: enzymatic, hydrolysis, homogeneous, heterogeneous, surface erosion, bulk degradation
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Description
Prepare for your exam by reviewing different types of pharmaceutical excipients, their properties, and functions. This quiz excludes questions on excipient structures.
