Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Overview
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Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a biphasic liquid dosage form?

  • Tablet
  • Syrup
  • Suspension (correct)
  • Gel

    • Capsules can be used to conceal the taste or odor of a drug substance.

    True

    What are excipients in pharmaceutical formulations?

    Inactive pharmaceutical ingredients used for technological and biopharmaceutical purposes.

    The primary active ingredient in a drug formulation is known as the ______.

    <p>API</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following dosage forms to their classification:

    <p>Aerosols = Gas Cream = Semisolid Tablet = Solid Syrup = Liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dosage form is specifically designed to protect the drug from gastric acid?

    <p>Enteric-coated tablet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Otic dosage forms are intended for application in the ears.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one reason why dosage forms are needed.

    <p>To provide the safe and convenient delivery of accurate dosage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following solvents is primarily used for many organic compounds?

    <p>Alcohol, USP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Molecules with branched chains are less soluble than straight-chain compounds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason water is preferred as a solvent in pharmaceutical preparations?

    <p>It meets criteria such as low toxicity and compatibility with other ingredients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The structural similarity between solute and solvent is accompanied by increased __________.

    <p>solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following solvents with their characteristics:

    <p>Glycerin, USP = Clear syrupy viscous liquid, sweet taste Diluted Alcohol, NF = Equal volumes of alcohol and purified water Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol = 70% ethyl alcohol, used externally Propylene Glycol, USP = Viscous liquid, substitute for glycerin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the purpose of providing clear liquid dosage forms?

    <p>To provide clear liquid preparations of substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A saturated solution contains more solute than can be dissolved in a given solvent at a specific temperature.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main forces at play during the interaction of molecules when dissolving a solute?

    <p>Attractive and repulsive forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of a controlled-release drug dosage form is a __________.

    <p>tablet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following dosage forms with their descriptions:

    <p>Ointments = Topical administration Suppositories = Insertion into body's orifices Injections = Placement in bloodstream or tissues Inhalants = Optimal drug action through inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must occur for a solute to dissolve in a solvent?

    <p>Attractive forces between solvent and solute must overcome solute's intermolecular forces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Van der Waals forces are a type of strong intermolecular force.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum concentration of a solute in a solvent called?

    <p>Saturated solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium hydroxide topical solution contains about __________ mg of dissolved solute per 100 mL of solution at 25°C.

    <p>140</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the solutions with their respective solute qualities:

    <p>Calcium hydroxide = 140 mg per 100 mL Potassium iodide = 100 g per 100 mL Saturated solution = No additional solute can dissolve Solubility = Maximum concentration achievable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct definition of solubility?

    <p>The capacity of a solute to dissolve in a pure solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increasing the temperature will always increase the solubility of a solute.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does agitation have on the rate of dissolution?

    <p>Increased agitation speeds up the dissolution process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Iodine can dissolve better in an aqueous solution of __________.

    <p>potassium iodide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the factors affecting solubility to their descriptions:

    <p>Temperature = Increases solubility for most solutes Agitation = Enhances contact between solute and solvent Particle size = Larger surface area leads to faster dissolution pH = Affects solubility of weak acids and bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when excess solute is added to a saturated solution?

    <p>It forms a super saturated solution by increasing the temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The finer the powder, the slower the dissolution process.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of solvent selection on solute dissolution?

    <p>The choice of solvent can greatly affect the solubility of a solute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heat of solution can be __________ or __________.

    <p>positive, negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dissolution?

    <p>The dispersing of a solute in a solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following weak bases is NOT soluble in dilute solutions of acids?

    <p>Diphenhydramine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All alkali metal salts are generally water soluble.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the solubility of a weak acid when the pH of the solution is lowered?

    <p>It becomes more soluble.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sulfides are generally _______ except for their alkali metal salts.

    <p>water insoluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following compounds with their solubility status:

    <p>NaCl = Water soluble CaSO4 = Poor water solubility Li2CO3 = Water insoluble AgNO3 = Water soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is an example of a compound that is generally water insoluble?

    <p>CaSO4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydroxides and oxides of alkali metal cations are generally water insoluble.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of molecule that generally demonstrates poor water solubility when both ions are multivalent.

    <p>CaSO4 or BaSO4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The reactivity of drugs with strong acids or bases typically results in the formation of _______.

    <p>water-soluble salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of salts with their solubility rule:

    <p>Nitrates = Generally water soluble Sulfides = Generally water insoluble Alkali metal salts = Generally water soluble Silver salts = Insoluble exceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

    • Pharmaceutical dosage forms are combinations of drug substances (active pharmaceutical ingredients - API) and nonmedicinal agents (excipients).
    • Excipients are used to improve the solubility, stability, and appeal of the dosage form.
    • Dosage forms can be classified based on the route of administration or the physical form.
    • Different dosage forms allow for tailored drug delivery methods and controlled drug release profiles.

    Types of Dosage Forms

    • Liquid Dosage Forms:

      • Monophasic: Solutions and syrups have a single, homogeneous phase.
      • Biphasic: Suspensions have solid particles dispersed in a liquid, while emulsions contain two immiscible liquids dispersed together.

    • Solid Dosage Forms:

      • One Unit: Tablets and capsules are individual units containing a specific dose.
      • Bulk: Powders, Granules, and Dusting Powders are used for external application or for preparation of other dosage forms.

    • Semisolid Dosage Forms:

      • Gels, pastes, creams, and ointments have a viscosity between liquids and solids, ideal for topical applications.

    • Gaseous Dosage Forms:

      • Inhalers and aerosols deliver medication as a fine mist, allowing for direct administration to the respiratory tract.

    Why Drugs are Formulated as Dosage Forms

    • Protection: protects drugs from environmental factors, like oxygen or humidity, and from the harsh conditions of the stomach.
    • Convenience: provides a safe and convenient way to deliver accurate doses.
    • Masking: conceals unpleasant taste or odor of drugs.
    • Rate-controlled drug action: allows for controlled release profiles for extended or targeted drug delivery.
    • Optimal drug action: ensures effective delivery of drugs through various administration routes.

    Solubility

    • Solubility is the maximum concentration of a solute that can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature.
    • Temperature, pressure, solvent properties, and the presence of other substances affect solubility.
    • Increased agitation increases the rate of dissolution but does not change the solubility limit.
    • The pH of the solution significantly affects the solubility of weak acids and bases.

    General Rules of Solubility

    • Inorganic Molecules:

      • Generally, monovalent cations and anions are water-soluble.
      • Alkali metal salts are usually water-soluble.
      • Salts with multivalent cations and anions often have poor water solubility.
      • Most hydroxides and oxides are insoluble in water.

    • Organic Molecules:

      • Molecules with one polar functional group are usually soluble in water up to five carbon chains.
      • Branched-chain molecules are more soluble than straight-chain compounds.
      • Solubility decreases with increasing molecular weight.
      • Structural similarity between solute and solvent enhances solubility.

    Official Solvents

    • Alcohol, USP (Ethanol): Used as a primary solvent for many organic compounds.
    • Diluted Alcohol, NF: Mixture of alcohol and water, used for dissolving both alcohol-soluble and water-soluble substances.
    • Alcohol, Rubbing: Contains ethyl alcohol, used externally as a rubefacient.
    • Glycerin, USP (Glycerol): Viscous, sweet liquid, acts as a preservative, stabilizer, and co-solvent.
    • Propylene Glycol, USP: Viscous liquid, often used as a substitute for glycerin.
    • Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol: Used externally as a rubefacient and soothing agent.

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    Description

    Explore the different types of pharmaceutical dosage forms, including liquid and solid forms. Understand the role of active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients in drug delivery and how dosage forms are classified. This quiz will enhance your knowledge of tailored drug delivery methods and controlled release profiles.

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