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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a biphasic liquid dosage form?
Which of the following is a biphasic liquid dosage form?
- Tablet
- Syrup
- Suspension (correct)
- Gel
Capsules can be used to conceal the taste or odor of a drug substance.
Capsules can be used to conceal the taste or odor of a drug substance.
True (A)
What are excipients in pharmaceutical formulations?
What are excipients in pharmaceutical formulations?
Inactive pharmaceutical ingredients used for technological and biopharmaceutical purposes.
The primary active ingredient in a drug formulation is known as the ______.
The primary active ingredient in a drug formulation is known as the ______.
Match the following dosage forms to their classification:
Match the following dosage forms to their classification:
Which dosage form is specifically designed to protect the drug from gastric acid?
Which dosage form is specifically designed to protect the drug from gastric acid?
Otic dosage forms are intended for application in the ears.
Otic dosage forms are intended for application in the ears.
List one reason why dosage forms are needed.
List one reason why dosage forms are needed.
Which of the following solvents is primarily used for many organic compounds?
Which of the following solvents is primarily used for many organic compounds?
Molecules with branched chains are less soluble than straight-chain compounds.
Molecules with branched chains are less soluble than straight-chain compounds.
What is the main reason water is preferred as a solvent in pharmaceutical preparations?
What is the main reason water is preferred as a solvent in pharmaceutical preparations?
The structural similarity between solute and solvent is accompanied by increased __________.
The structural similarity between solute and solvent is accompanied by increased __________.
Match the following solvents with their characteristics:
Match the following solvents with their characteristics:
Which of the following describes the purpose of providing clear liquid dosage forms?
Which of the following describes the purpose of providing clear liquid dosage forms?
A saturated solution contains more solute than can be dissolved in a given solvent at a specific temperature.
A saturated solution contains more solute than can be dissolved in a given solvent at a specific temperature.
What are the main forces at play during the interaction of molecules when dissolving a solute?
What are the main forces at play during the interaction of molecules when dissolving a solute?
An example of a controlled-release drug dosage form is a __________.
An example of a controlled-release drug dosage form is a __________.
Match the following dosage forms with their descriptions:
Match the following dosage forms with their descriptions:
What must occur for a solute to dissolve in a solvent?
What must occur for a solute to dissolve in a solvent?
Van der Waals forces are a type of strong intermolecular force.
Van der Waals forces are a type of strong intermolecular force.
What is the maximum concentration of a solute in a solvent called?
What is the maximum concentration of a solute in a solvent called?
Calcium hydroxide topical solution contains about __________ mg of dissolved solute per 100 mL of solution at 25°C.
Calcium hydroxide topical solution contains about __________ mg of dissolved solute per 100 mL of solution at 25°C.
Match the solutions with their respective solute qualities:
Match the solutions with their respective solute qualities:
What is the correct definition of solubility?
What is the correct definition of solubility?
Increasing the temperature will always increase the solubility of a solute.
Increasing the temperature will always increase the solubility of a solute.
What effect does agitation have on the rate of dissolution?
What effect does agitation have on the rate of dissolution?
Iodine can dissolve better in an aqueous solution of __________.
Iodine can dissolve better in an aqueous solution of __________.
Match the factors affecting solubility to their descriptions:
Match the factors affecting solubility to their descriptions:
What happens when excess solute is added to a saturated solution?
What happens when excess solute is added to a saturated solution?
The finer the powder, the slower the dissolution process.
The finer the powder, the slower the dissolution process.
What is the impact of solvent selection on solute dissolution?
What is the impact of solvent selection on solute dissolution?
The heat of solution can be __________ or __________.
The heat of solution can be __________ or __________.
What is dissolution?
What is dissolution?
Which of the following weak bases is NOT soluble in dilute solutions of acids?
Which of the following weak bases is NOT soluble in dilute solutions of acids?
All alkali metal salts are generally water soluble.
All alkali metal salts are generally water soluble.
What happens to the solubility of a weak acid when the pH of the solution is lowered?
What happens to the solubility of a weak acid when the pH of the solution is lowered?
Sulfides are generally _______ except for their alkali metal salts.
Sulfides are generally _______ except for their alkali metal salts.
Match the following compounds with their solubility status:
Match the following compounds with their solubility status:
Which of the following compounds is an example of a compound that is generally water insoluble?
Which of the following compounds is an example of a compound that is generally water insoluble?
Hydroxides and oxides of alkali metal cations are generally water insoluble.
Hydroxides and oxides of alkali metal cations are generally water insoluble.
Name one type of molecule that generally demonstrates poor water solubility when both ions are multivalent.
Name one type of molecule that generally demonstrates poor water solubility when both ions are multivalent.
The reactivity of drugs with strong acids or bases typically results in the formation of _______.
The reactivity of drugs with strong acids or bases typically results in the formation of _______.
Match the following types of salts with their solubility rule:
Match the following types of salts with their solubility rule:
Study Notes
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
- Pharmaceutical dosage forms are combinations of drug substances (active pharmaceutical ingredients - API) and nonmedicinal agents (excipients).
- Excipients are used to improve the solubility, stability, and appeal of the dosage form.
- Dosage forms can be classified based on the route of administration or the physical form.
- Different dosage forms allow for tailored drug delivery methods and controlled drug release profiles.
Types of Dosage Forms
-
Liquid Dosage Forms:
- Monophasic: Solutions and syrups have a single, homogeneous phase.
- Biphasic: Suspensions have solid particles dispersed in a liquid, while emulsions contain two immiscible liquids dispersed together.
-
Solid Dosage Forms:
- One Unit: Tablets and capsules are individual units containing a specific dose.
- Bulk: Powders, Granules, and Dusting Powders are used for external application or for preparation of other dosage forms.
-
Semisolid Dosage Forms:
- Gels, pastes, creams, and ointments have a viscosity between liquids and solids, ideal for topical applications.
-
Gaseous Dosage Forms:
- Inhalers and aerosols deliver medication as a fine mist, allowing for direct administration to the respiratory tract.
Why Drugs are Formulated as Dosage Forms
- Protection: protects drugs from environmental factors, like oxygen or humidity, and from the harsh conditions of the stomach.
- Convenience: provides a safe and convenient way to deliver accurate doses.
- Masking: conceals unpleasant taste or odor of drugs.
- Rate-controlled drug action: allows for controlled release profiles for extended or targeted drug delivery.
- Optimal drug action: ensures effective delivery of drugs through various administration routes.
Solubility
- Solubility is the maximum concentration of a solute that can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature.
- Temperature, pressure, solvent properties, and the presence of other substances affect solubility.
- Increased agitation increases the rate of dissolution but does not change the solubility limit.
- The pH of the solution significantly affects the solubility of weak acids and bases.
General Rules of Solubility
-
Inorganic Molecules:
- Generally, monovalent cations and anions are water-soluble.
- Alkali metal salts are usually water-soluble.
- Salts with multivalent cations and anions often have poor water solubility.
- Most hydroxides and oxides are insoluble in water.
-
Organic Molecules:
- Molecules with one polar functional group are usually soluble in water up to five carbon chains.
- Branched-chain molecules are more soluble than straight-chain compounds.
- Solubility decreases with increasing molecular weight.
- Structural similarity between solute and solvent enhances solubility.
Official Solvents
- Alcohol, USP (Ethanol): Used as a primary solvent for many organic compounds.
- Diluted Alcohol, NF: Mixture of alcohol and water, used for dissolving both alcohol-soluble and water-soluble substances.
- Alcohol, Rubbing: Contains ethyl alcohol, used externally as a rubefacient.
- Glycerin, USP (Glycerol): Viscous, sweet liquid, acts as a preservative, stabilizer, and co-solvent.
- Propylene Glycol, USP: Viscous liquid, often used as a substitute for glycerin.
- Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol: Used externally as a rubefacient and soothing agent.
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Description
Explore the different types of pharmaceutical dosage forms, including liquid and solid forms. Understand the role of active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients in drug delivery and how dosage forms are classified. This quiz will enhance your knowledge of tailored drug delivery methods and controlled release profiles.
