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Questions and Answers
What is the primary component of fluidextracts?
What is the primary component of fluidextracts?
Which of the following is NOT a parenteral route of administration?
Which of the following is NOT a parenteral route of administration?
What is the correct concentration of a fluidextract?
What is the correct concentration of a fluidextract?
What is a key feature of intravenous admixtures?
What is a key feature of intravenous admixtures?
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Which of the following best describes Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)?
Which of the following best describes Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)?
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Which of the following is an ophthalmic preparation?
Which of the following is an ophthalmic preparation?
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Which type of preparation is ready for injection just prior to use?
Which type of preparation is ready for injection just prior to use?
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What is the site of administration for the intraosseous route?
What is the site of administration for the intraosseous route?
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What is the primary purpose of inhalation as a method of drug administration?
What is the primary purpose of inhalation as a method of drug administration?
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How do transdermal drug delivery systems differ from topical medications?
How do transdermal drug delivery systems differ from topical medications?
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Which of the following is an example of parenteral drug administration?
Which of the following is an example of parenteral drug administration?
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Which term best describes drugs intended for use in body orifices like the rectum and vagina?
Which term best describes drugs intended for use in body orifices like the rectum and vagina?
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What characteristic does a solution have in the context of liquid dosage forms?
What characteristic does a solution have in the context of liquid dosage forms?
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Which of the following is a common example of intraocular drug administration?
Which of the following is a common example of intraocular drug administration?
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Which dosage form is typically characterized by a liquid that is prepared from the mixture of oil and water?
Which dosage form is typically characterized by a liquid that is prepared from the mixture of oil and water?
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Which method of drug delivery involves direct application onto the skin surface?
Which method of drug delivery involves direct application onto the skin surface?
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What are aromatic waters primarily used for?
What are aromatic waters primarily used for?
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Which of the following best describes the purpose of enemas?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of enemas?
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What is the intended use of otic solutions?
What is the intended use of otic solutions?
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Which type of solution is used as a soothing agent for mouth hygiene?
Which type of solution is used as a soothing agent for mouth hygiene?
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What main ingredient is found in elixirs?
What main ingredient is found in elixirs?
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Which of the following describes the primary function of spirits?
Which of the following describes the primary function of spirits?
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What are topical solutions primarily used for?
What are topical solutions primarily used for?
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Which of the following formulations is primarily applied to the skin for relief from discomfort?
Which of the following formulations is primarily applied to the skin for relief from discomfort?
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What are collodions primarily composed of?
What are collodions primarily composed of?
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Which of the following vitamins are typically concentrated in oleovitamins?
Which of the following vitamins are typically concentrated in oleovitamins?
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What is the main purpose of toothache drops?
What is the main purpose of toothache drops?
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Syrups are characterized by a high concentration of what substance?
Syrups are characterized by a high concentration of what substance?
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What distinguishes jellies from gels?
What distinguishes jellies from gels?
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Extracts can be obtained through which of the following methods?
Extracts can be obtained through which of the following methods?
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Which of the following describes mucilages?
Which of the following describes mucilages?
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What happens to the solvent when preparing extracts?
What happens to the solvent when preparing extracts?
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What is the primary purpose of insufflations in pharmaceuticals?
What is the primary purpose of insufflations in pharmaceuticals?
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Which tablet type is specifically designed to release its content in the intestines rather than the stomach?
Which tablet type is specifically designed to release its content in the intestines rather than the stomach?
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What is the key characteristic of a controlled release tablet?
What is the key characteristic of a controlled release tablet?
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Which of the following describes a troche?
Which of the following describes a troche?
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What is the main difference between hard and soft capsules?
What is the main difference between hard and soft capsules?
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What is the purpose of triturators in the preparation of powdered drugs?
What is the purpose of triturators in the preparation of powdered drugs?
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Which storage condition is classified as 'cool' according to USP standards?
Which storage condition is classified as 'cool' according to USP standards?
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What defines pellets in the context of oral solid dosage forms?
What defines pellets in the context of oral solid dosage forms?
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Study Notes
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
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Tinctures are alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials or chemical substances.
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Fluidextracts are liquid preparations of vegetable drugs using alcohol as a solvent or preservative. Concentration is 1 g of drug/1 mL of solvent.
Parenteral Preparations
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Parenteral Preparations are sterile preparations intended for injection under or through the skin or mucous membranes. Examples include ampoules and vials.
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Solutions ready for injection are already dissolved.
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Dry, soluble products are ready to be combined with a solvent right before use.
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Suspensions ready for injection are dry, insoluble products ready to be combined with a vehicle right before use.
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Emulsions are also used for parenteral administration.
Parenteral Routes
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Intravenous injection is administered into a vein.
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Intraarterial injection is administered into an artery.
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Intracardiac injection is administered into the heart.
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Intraspinal/Intrathecal injection is administered into the spine.
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Intraosseous injection is administered into the bone.
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Intraarticular injection is administered into a joint.
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Intrasynovial injection is administered into the joint fluid area.
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Intracutaneous/ intradermal injection is administered into the skin.
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Subcutaneous injection is administered beneath the skin.
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Intramascular injection is administered into the muscle.
Intravenous Admixture
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Intravenous Admixture is a combination of sterile products added to an IV fluid for administration.
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Aseptic technique is used for mixing intravenous admixtures in a suitable environment using laminar flow hoods.
Intravenous Fluids
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Intravenous fluids are sterile, large volume solutions administered by intravenous infusions.
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These solutions can contain sugar, amino acids or electrolytes.
Total Parenteral Nutrition
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Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) preparations provide calories, nitrogen, and other nutrients.
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Dextrose is the preferred source of calories.
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Protein hydrolysate is the preferred source of nitrogen.
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Electrolytes and vitamins are provided as additional nutrients.
Inhalation
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Inhalation is a method of administration through the nasal or oral respiratory route for local or systemic effects.
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Inhalants are drugs or combinations of drugs that can be carried by air currents into the nasal passage.
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Nebulizers and inhalers are used for inhalation.
Topical/Epicutaneous Administration
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Topical/Epicutaneous administration uses drug preparations applied to the skin.
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Examples of topical preparations include lotions, ointments, soaps, and creams.
Transdermal Administration
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Transdermal drug delivery systems are applied to the skin to deliver the drug systematically.
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Patches are an example of a transdermal drug delivery system.
Rectal/Vaginal/Urethral Administration
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Rectal/vaginal/urethral preparations are used to deliver drugs into body orifices.
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Suppositories are an example of this dosage form.
Intraocular (Eye) Administration
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Intraocular (eye) preparations are sterile preparations used for the eye.
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Conjunctival (conjuctiva) administration is a common route.
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Opthalmic drops/solutions are examples of intraocular preparations.
Intranasal (Nose) Administration
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Intranasal (nose) preparations are used in the nasal passage.
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Nasal sprays/inhalations/drops are examples of intranasal preparations.
Aural (Ear) Administration
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Aural (ear) preparations are used in the ear.
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Otic drops/solutions are examples of aural preparations.
Solutions
- Oral
- Otic
- Ophthalmic
- Nasal
Aromatic water
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Aromatic water is also known as a medicated vehicle.
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It's a clear saturated aqueous solution of volatile oils or aromatic substances.
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It's primarily used as a flavored or perfumed vehicle.
Enemas
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Enemas are rectal solutions used to evacuate the bowel.
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Evacuation enemas cleanse the bowel.
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Retention enemas are administered for local or systemic effects.
Douches (Irrigations)
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Douches (irrigations) are applied into a cavity or part of the body.
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They are used as cleansing or antiseptic agents.
Nasal Solutions (Sprays)
- Nasal solutions (sprays) are administered to the nasal passage.
Otic Solutions
- Otic solutions are dispensed in containers that allow drops to be administered into the ear.
Gargles/Mouthwashes
- Gargles/Mouthwashes are used for deodorant, antiseptic, and refreshing effects.
Topical Solutions
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Astringents are solutions that constrict pores and precipitate proteins.
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Topical solutions are intended for topical application on the skin or mucous membranes.
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Local anti-infective solutions kill microorganisms.
Elixirs
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Elixirs are clear, pleasantly flavored, sweetened hydro-alcoholic liquids.
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They are used as flavors and vehicles.
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The primary ingredients are ethanol and water.
Spirits
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Spirits are also known as essences.
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They are alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic solutions of volatile substances.
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Spirits are commonly used as flavoring agents and sometimes used medicinally by inhalation.
Liniments
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Liniments are alcoholic or oleaginous solutions or emulsions of medicinal substances.
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They are applied by rubbing on the skin.
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Hydroalcoholic liniments are rubefacients and counterirritants.
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Oleaginous liniments are used for massage.
Collodions
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Collodions are liquid preparations containing pyroxillin in a mixture of ethyl ether and ethanol.
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They are applied to the skin to leave a film of pyroxylin on the surface.
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Pyroxylin is soluble gun cotton.
Oleovitamins
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Oleovitamins are fish liver oils diluted with edible vegetable oil.
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They are solutions of volatile substances of indicated vitamins or vitamin concentrates.
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Oleovitamins typically contain vitamins A and D.
Toothache Drops
- Toothache drops provide temporary relief of toothache by applying cotton saturated with the product into the tooth cavity.
Syrups
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Syrups are mixtures of high concentrations of sugar and water.
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They are used as flavored or medicated syrups.
Mucilages
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Mucilages are thick, viscid, adhesive liquids.
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They are produced by dispersing gum in water or extracting the mucilaginous principle from a vegetable origin.
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Mucilages are used as suspending agents.
Gels
- Gels are dispersions of small or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle rendered jellylike by a gelling agent.
Jellies
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Jellies are a class of gels with a structural coherent matrix containing a high proportion of water.
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They are used as lubricants for surgical gloves and rectal thermometers.
Extracts
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Extracts are solutions of active constituents of a crude drug obtained by using suitable menstrua.
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Maceration and percolation are methods of extraction.
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Solvent is evaporated leaving a residual mass or powder.
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The extract is ready for use as a medicinal agent or may be further processed to produce solid or semi-solid extracts.
Insufflations
- Insufflations are finely divided powders introduced into body cavities such as ears, nose, throat, tooth sockets, and vagina using an insufflator.
Triturators
- Triturators are dilutions of potent powdered drugs prepared by intimately mixing them with a suitable diluent in 1:10 dilutions.
Tablets
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Tablets are solid dosage forms containing drug substances with or without diluents, produced by compression or molding.
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Compressed tablets are further categorized by their coating or function:
- Sugar coated tablets
- Film coated tablets
- Enteric coated tablets
- Multiple compressed tablets
- Controlled release tablets
- Effervescent tablets
- Compressed suppositories or inserts
- Buccal or sublingual tablets
Molded Tablets or Tablet Triturates
- Molded tablets or tablet triturates
- Hypodermic tablets
Capsules
- Capsules are solid dosage forms enclosed in hard or soft soluble containers typically made of gelatin.
Pills
- Pills are small, round, solid dosage forms intended for oral administration.
Troches
- Troches (also known as lozenges or pastilles) are discoid shaped solids containing the drug in a flavored base.
Cachets
- Cachets are edible containers for oral solid drug administration.
Pellets
- Pellets are small, sterile cylinders formed by compressing medicated masses.
Storage Temperatures of Pharmaceuticals (USP)
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Freezer: -25⁰C to -10 ⁰C (-13⁰F and 14⁰F )
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Cold: Not exceeding 8⁰C (46⁰F)
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Refrigerator: 2⁰C to 8⁰C (36⁰F and 46⁰F)
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Cool: 8⁰C to 15⁰C (46⁰F and 59⁰F)
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Warm: 30⁰C to 40⁰C(86⁰F and 104⁰F )
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Excessive Heat: Above 40⁰C(104⁰F )
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Controlled Room Temperature: 20⁰C to 25⁰C (68⁰F and 77 ⁰F )
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Description
Explore the various pharmaceutical dosage forms including tinctures and fluidextracts, along with detailed parenteral preparations designed for injection. This quiz covers the essential concepts of solutions, suspensions, and different parenteral routes such as intravenous and intraarterial. Test your knowledge on the classifications and functions of these preparations.
