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Questions and Answers
What is the name of the institution that released the document?
What is the name of the institution that released the document?
Mariano Marcos State University
What is the institution's motto?
What is the institution's motto?
Cultivating Minds, Transforming Futures
What is the name of the unit being discussed?
What is the name of the unit being discussed?
Pharmaceutical Aids and Necessities
Which of these options are categories discussed for pharmaceutical aids and necessities?
Which of these options are categories discussed for pharmaceutical aids and necessities?
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What does the abbreviation "USP" stand for?
What does the abbreviation "USP" stand for?
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What is the general characteristic of a "strong acid"?
What is the general characteristic of a "strong acid"?
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What is the term for the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration?
What is the term for the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration?
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What is the equilibrium constant for the ionization of an acid?
What is the equilibrium constant for the ionization of an acid?
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Which equation is used to calculate the pH of a buffer solution?
Which equation is used to calculate the pH of a buffer solution?
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What is the term for the percentage of an acid or base that is ionized in solution?
What is the term for the percentage of an acid or base that is ionized in solution?
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Which type of acid/base is more likely to be used as a pharmaceutical aid?
Which type of acid/base is more likely to be used as a pharmaceutical aid?
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What type of solution is used to resist drastic changes in pH?
What type of solution is used to resist drastic changes in pH?
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Phosphate buffer systems are considered safe for internal administration.
Phosphate buffer systems are considered safe for internal administration.
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Borate buffer systems are preferred over phosphate systems due to their high efficiency at physiological pH.
Borate buffer systems are preferred over phosphate systems due to their high efficiency at physiological pH.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an official water, according to the document?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an official water, according to the document?
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Which type of glass is considered highly resistant and suitable for storing acids?
Which type of glass is considered highly resistant and suitable for storing acids?
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Which chemical is added to glass to reduce the coefficient of expansion?
Which chemical is added to glass to reduce the coefficient of expansion?
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What is the name of the chemical added to glass that can impart a brown color, rendering it light-resistant?
What is the name of the chemical added to glass that can impart a brown color, rendering it light-resistant?
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What is the term used for materials that soften over a temperature range instead of melting abruptly?
What is the term used for materials that soften over a temperature range instead of melting abruptly?
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The document mentions that boric acid is a strong acid.
The document mentions that boric acid is a strong acid.
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What is the chemical formula for boric acid?
What is the chemical formula for boric acid?
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Sodium hydroxide is a strong base.
Sodium hydroxide is a strong base.
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What is the chemical formula for sulfurous acid?
What is the chemical formula for sulfurous acid?
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Hypophosphorous acid is an antioxidant.
Hypophosphorous acid is an antioxidant.
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Nitrogen is a highly reactive gas.
Nitrogen is a highly reactive gas.
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What is the purpose of adding carbon dioxide under pressure to water?
What is the purpose of adding carbon dioxide under pressure to water?
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The presence of iron in a mineral water source is generally considered a desirable characteristic.
The presence of iron in a mineral water source is generally considered a desirable characteristic.
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Which type of water is known for its high concentration of sodium and magnesium sulfates?
Which type of water is known for its high concentration of sodium and magnesium sulfates?
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What term is used to describe the process of separating components of liquefied air to obtain nitrogen?
What term is used to describe the process of separating components of liquefied air to obtain nitrogen?
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Which official water is considered suitable for preparing parenteral solutions?
Which official water is considered suitable for preparing parenteral solutions?
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The document states that purified water meet all the requirements for parenteral use.
The document states that purified water meet all the requirements for parenteral use.
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What is the term for water that has been sterilized and is intended for administration in a single dose?
What is the term for water that has been sterilized and is intended for administration in a single dose?
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Adding a bacteriostatic agent to water for injection creates a solution suitable for intravenous administration.
Adding a bacteriostatic agent to water for injection creates a solution suitable for intravenous administration.
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Which type of glass is most commonly used for parenteral solutions?
Which type of glass is most commonly used for parenteral solutions?
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Type III glass is considered the most chemically resistant type of glass.
Type III glass is considered the most chemically resistant type of glass.
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What type of glass is specifically designed for tablets, oral solutions, and ointments?
What type of glass is specifically designed for tablets, oral solutions, and ointments?
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Which of the following is NOT a common use for hydrochloric acid, according to the document?
Which of the following is NOT a common use for hydrochloric acid, according to the document?
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Which of the following is NOT a typical test for nitric acid?
Which of the following is NOT a typical test for nitric acid?
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Sulfuric acid can be safely mixed with other liquids, regardless of the order of addition.
Sulfuric acid can be safely mixed with other liquids, regardless of the order of addition.
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When potassium hydroxide is added to a solution of phosphoric acid, a characteristic orange precipitate forms.
When potassium hydroxide is added to a solution of phosphoric acid, a characteristic orange precipitate forms.
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What is the common name for sodium bicarbonate?
What is the common name for sodium bicarbonate?
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Sodium hydroxide is preferred over potassium hydroxide because it is less deliquescent and less expensive.
Sodium hydroxide is preferred over potassium hydroxide because it is less deliquescent and less expensive.
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Soda lime is used primarily for the treatment of achlorhydria.
Soda lime is used primarily for the treatment of achlorhydria.
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Ammonia is considered a Bronsted base.
Ammonia is considered a Bronsted base.
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What is the term for a substance that softens gradually over a range of temperatures rather than melting sharply?
What is the term for a substance that softens gradually over a range of temperatures rather than melting sharply?
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Study Notes
Mariano Marcos State University Rankings
- QS 4-Star Rating
- Impact Rankings 2023, Rank 601-800 in the World
- Rank 3 among Philippine State Universities and Colleges (SUCs)
- Green Metric Rank 2 in the Philippines
- World University Rankings, Rank 2 among Philippine SUCs
- The World University Rankings for Innovation, Rank 101st-200th
Pharmaceutical Aids and Necessities
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Topic Outline
- Acids and Bases
- Buffers
- Waters
- Antioxidants
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Objectives
- Recall fundamental concepts of acids, bases, buffers, different types of pharmaceutical waters, and antioxidants, and their roles in pharmaceutical formulations.
- Calculate pH, pKa, and buffer capacity.
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Introduction
- Pharmaceutical aids and necessities are essential substances in the preparation, preservation, and storage of pharmaceutical products.
- These are typically categorized into official inorganic acids, bases, buffers, antioxidants, various types of water, and glass materials.
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Acids
- Sour in taste
- Turn blue litmus red
- Change methyl orange to red
- Phenolphthalein remains colorless
- Do not give soapy touch
- Give hydrogen ions in solution
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Bases
- Bitter in taste
- Turn red litmus blue
- Change methyl orange to yellow
- Phenolphthalein gives pink colour
- Soapy to touch
- Give hydroxyl ions in solution
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Acid-Base Theories
- Arrhenius: Produce H+ ions in water / Produce OH- ions in water
- Brønsted-Lowry: Proton donor / Proton acceptor
- Lewis: Electron acceptor / Electron donor
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Arrhenius Concept
- Limited to aqueous systems
- Acids form H+ ions in water
- Bases form OH- ions in water (examples: HCl, NaOH)
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Examples of Arrhenius acids and bases (table format)
- Arrhenius Acids | Arrhenius Bases
- HClO3 | NaOH
- HNO3 | NH4OH
- HClO4 | KOH
- H3PO4 | Mg(OH)2
- H2SO4 | Ca(OH)2
- H2SO3 | Al(OH)3
- HCl | CH3COOH
- CH3COOH
- HBr
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Examples (solutions in water)
- NaOH (aq) --> Na+ (aq) + OH-(aq)
- KOH (aq) --> K+ (aq) + OH-(aq)
- Ca(OH)2(aq) -->Ca2+ (aq) + 2OH (aq)
- Mg(OH)2 (aq) --> Mg2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
- NH4OH (aq) --> NH4+ (aq)+ OH-(aq)
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Brønsted-Lowry Concept -Acid = proton donor (H+) -Base = proton acceptor
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Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
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Conjugate acid forms when a base accepts a proton.
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Conjugate base forms when an acid donates a proton.
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If an acid is strong, the conjugate base is weak
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If a base is strong, the conjugate acid is weak.
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Dissociation Constants for Acids and pH
- Brønsted acid strength is reflected by the degree of dissociation of the proton from the conjugate base when acid is dissolved in water (HA + H2O = H3O+ + A-)
- Degree of dissociation (ionization) is expressed via the equilibrium constant (Keq)
- Ka (acid ionization constant) = Keq [H2O] = [H3O+] [A-] / [HA]
- Ka varies directly with the strength of the acid (strong acids — HCl, H2SO4, HNO3 — have large ionization consonants (Ka > 1)).
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Strength of an acid
- Expressed by the hydrogen ion concentration ([H+])
- In aqueous solutions, [H+] is usually equal to [H3O+].
- Kw (ion product constant of water) = [H3O+][OH-] = 1 x 10-14 at 25°C
- [H3O+] = [OH-] = 1 x 10-7 in pure water
- pH = -log[H+] = -log[H3O+]
- ↑ concentration of hydrogen ion = ↑ acidity = ↓ pH
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Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation to calculate Ka and pH related values
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Dissociation Constants for bases and pOH: B + H2O = BH+ + OH- Keq = [BH+][OH-] / [B] [H2O]; Kb = Keq [H2O] = [BH+] [OH-] / [B]; pH = 14 – pOH
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Relationships between Ka, Kb ,pH, pOH, and pKw: Ka x Kb = Kw = 1 x 10-14; pKa + pKb = pKw = 14; pKw = pH + pOH = 14
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Percent Ionization
- Important in understanding absorption, distribution, and excretion of drugs.
- Used to understand drug behavior in the body. Most drugs are weak acids/bases (weak electrolytes)
- Ionized molecules do not readily cross biological membranes.
Specific Inorganic Acids, Bases, and Water-related Information (e.g., boric acid, hydrochloric acid) is not included here, as it would take up too much space. Individual compounds are covered separately.
Additional Topics
- Buffers (Henderson-Hasselbalch), pH calculation examples
- Specific inorganic substances, properties, preparation, uses, and tests for identity. (separate entries)
- Official Waters (e.g., Water for Injection), properties, preparation, and purpose.
- Pharmaceutically Accepted Glass, types and characteristic properties
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Description
This quiz covers fundamental concepts related to pharmaceutical aids, including acids, bases, buffers, and antioxidants. You'll explore their roles in pharmaceutical formulations and practice calculations involving pH, pKa, and buffer capacity. Test your knowledge and understanding of essential substances used in pharmaceuticals!
