Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which neurotransmitters are primarily involved in Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
Which neurotransmitters are primarily involved in Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
- Histamine and Endorphins
- Norepinephrine and Serotonin (correct)
- Dopamine and GABA
- Acetylcholine and Glutamate
What role does norepinephrine (NE) play in anxiety symptoms according to the Excitatory-Inhibitory Neurotransmitter Theory?
What role does norepinephrine (NE) play in anxiety symptoms according to the Excitatory-Inhibitory Neurotransmitter Theory?
- Increases anxiety symptoms (correct)
- Decreases anxiety symptoms
- Has no effect on anxiety symptoms
- Regulates serotonin levels
How does GABA influence anxiety symptoms according to the theory presented?
How does GABA influence anxiety symptoms according to the theory presented?
- Blocks serotonin receptors
- Increases norepinephrine levels
- Has no relation to anxiety
- Decreases anxiety symptoms (correct)
Which of the following is a potential treatment strategy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
Which of the following is a potential treatment strategy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
Which drug class is specifically associated with the treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder among the options listed?
Which drug class is specifically associated with the treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder among the options listed?
The locus coeruleus is primarily linked to which neurotransmitter's function in anxiety?
The locus coeruleus is primarily linked to which neurotransmitter's function in anxiety?
What is the outcome of increased activity of GABA neurons in relation to anxiety symptoms?
What is the outcome of increased activity of GABA neurons in relation to anxiety symptoms?
Why might a healthcare provider choose SSRIs over other medications for treating GAD?
Why might a healthcare provider choose SSRIs over other medications for treating GAD?
Which other medication types are suggested for GAD treatment besides SSRIs?
Which other medication types are suggested for GAD treatment besides SSRIs?
What is the maximum single dose for memantine?
What is the maximum single dose for memantine?
Which of the following is a side effect of memantine?
Which of the following is a side effect of memantine?
Which glaucoma medication must be stored refrigerated?
Which glaucoma medication must be stored refrigerated?
What condition is characterized by too much pressure inside the eye?
What condition is characterized by too much pressure inside the eye?
Which of the following medications is NOT listed as requiring refrigeration?
Which of the following medications is NOT listed as requiring refrigeration?
What is an indication for the use of memantine?
What is an indication for the use of memantine?
What is a crucial administration instruction for Gralise?
What is a crucial administration instruction for Gralise?
Which adverse effect is associated with Gabapentin?
Which adverse effect is associated with Gabapentin?
What condition is primarily associated with the loss of dopamine neurons?
What condition is primarily associated with the loss of dopamine neurons?
What is a common counseling point for patients taking Carbidopa-levodopa?
What is a common counseling point for patients taking Carbidopa-levodopa?
Which of the following is an appropriate precaution for Donepezil?
Which of the following is an appropriate precaution for Donepezil?
Which potential side effect is not associated with Pramipexole?
Which potential side effect is not associated with Pramipexole?
What should patients do to avoid CNS depression while taking Ropinirole?
What should patients do to avoid CNS depression while taking Ropinirole?
What should patients report while on Neurontin?
What should patients report while on Neurontin?
Which statement correctly reflects the effect of acetylcholine breakdown in Alzheimer's treatment?
Which statement correctly reflects the effect of acetylcholine breakdown in Alzheimer's treatment?
What typically happens if a patient abruptly stops taking their Parkinson's medication?
What typically happens if a patient abruptly stops taking their Parkinson's medication?
What is a common adverse drug reaction associated with paroxetine?
What is a common adverse drug reaction associated with paroxetine?
Which drug class does alprazolam belong to?
Which drug class does alprazolam belong to?
Which of the following medications is primarily used for sleep disturbances?
Which of the following medications is primarily used for sleep disturbances?
What is the recommended action regarding grapefruit when taking lorazepam?
What is the recommended action regarding grapefruit when taking lorazepam?
What potential issue may arise when combining benzodiazepines with opioids?
What potential issue may arise when combining benzodiazepines with opioids?
What type of drug is fluoxetine, and what is a notable adverse effect?
What type of drug is fluoxetine, and what is a notable adverse effect?
What is the general time frame for SSRIs or SNRIs to show antianxiety effects?
What is the general time frame for SSRIs or SNRIs to show antianxiety effects?
Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect of buspirone?
Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect of buspirone?
Which drug is indicated for managing anxiety but also comes with a black box warning for sedation?
Which drug is indicated for managing anxiety but also comes with a black box warning for sedation?
What complication is associated with long-term use of venlafaxine?
What complication is associated with long-term use of venlafaxine?
Which class of drugs does Lisdexamfetamine belong to?
Which class of drugs does Lisdexamfetamine belong to?
What is a significant adverse drug reaction associated with Amphetamine-Dextroamphetamine?
What is a significant adverse drug reaction associated with Amphetamine-Dextroamphetamine?
What counseling point is important for patients prescribed Atomoxetine?
What counseling point is important for patients prescribed Atomoxetine?
Which of the following is primarily associated with epilepsy?
Which of the following is primarily associated with epilepsy?
Which neurotransmitter deficiency could lead to increased seizure activity?
Which neurotransmitter deficiency could lead to increased seizure activity?
What adverse effect is common with Methylphenidate?
What adverse effect is common with Methylphenidate?
Which medication is indicated for its potential to cause suicidal ideation in children and adolescents?
Which medication is indicated for its potential to cause suicidal ideation in children and adolescents?
What is a notable side effect of Atomoxetine?
What is a notable side effect of Atomoxetine?
Which counseling point is essential when prescribing ADHD drugs?
Which counseling point is essential when prescribing ADHD drugs?
Which class of drugs is Dexmethylphenidate part of?
Which class of drugs is Dexmethylphenidate part of?
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Study Notes
Anxiety Disorders
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) involves neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin.
- The Excitatory-Inhibitory Neurotransmitter Theory illustrates how norepinephrine increases anxiety while GABA neurons decrease it.
Treatment Strategies for GAD
- Psychotherapy is the primary non-pharmacological treatment.
- Medications include:
- SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)
- SNRIs (Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors)
- TCAs (Tricyclic Antidepressants)
Common Medications for GAD
- SSRIs:
- Citalopram (Celexa) - Side effects include sleep disturbances.
- Escitalopram (Lexapro) - Can cause anxiety.
- Fluoxetine (Prozac) - Possible diarrhea.
- Paroxetine (Paxil) - May lead to sexual dysfunction and hyponatremia.
- Sertraline (Zoloft) - Risk of bleeding.
- SNRIs:
- Venlafaxine (Effexor) - Side effects include nausea and dry mouth.
- Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq) - Potential for constipation and hypertension.
- Duloxetine (Cymbalta) - Risk of sexual dysfunction and hyponatremia.
- TCAs:
- Amitriptyline (Elavil) - Known for anticholinergic effects.
- Nortriptyline (Pamelor) - Can cause drowsiness and weight gain.
Temporary Anxiolytics for GAD
- Medications include:
- Alprazolam (Xanax)
- Clonazepam (Klonopin)
- Diazepam (Valium)
- Lorazepam (Ativan)
- Buspirone (Buspar)
- Hydroxyzine (Atarax, Vistaril) - Antihistamine.
Benzodiazepines Overview
- Various benzodiazepines have different onset times and durations of action.
- Many are fast-acting and may cause sedation or have a risk of respiratory depression when combined with opioids or alcohol.
Neurotransmitters Involved in ADHD
- Norepinephrine and dopamine are key neurotransmitters in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
ADHD Medications
- CNS Stimulants:
- Amphetamine-Dextroamphetamine (Adderall)
- Lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse)
- Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta)
- Dexmethylphenidate (Focalin)
- Norepinephrine-Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor:
- Atomoxetine (Strattera).
Seizures and Epilepsy
- Epilepsy is characterized by two or more unprovoked seizures.
- Seizures may present as convulsions or abnormal movements.
Pathophysiology of Seizures
- Insufficient GABA activity leads to inadequate inhibition, causing excessive neuron firing.
Neurodegenerative Disorders
- Includes Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease.
- Alzheimer’s involves a loss of acetylcholine neurons, leading to dementia.
- Parkinson’s involves a loss of dopamine neurons, affecting motor control.
Medications for Parkinson's Disease
- Carbidopa-Levodopa (Sinemet, Sinemet CR) - May discolor urine and has nausea as a side effect.
- Pramipexole (Mirapex) - Can cause drowsiness and hallucinations.
- Ropinirole (Requip) - Has nausea and orthostasis as common effects.
Medications for Alzheimer's Disease
- Donepezil (Aricept) - Side effects include nausea and potential QTc prolongation.### COPD and Medications
- Memantine (brand name Namenda) is used for treating confusion.
- Dosage for Memantine should not exceed 5 mg; for patients requiring 10 mg, administration should be twice daily (BID).
- Memantine increases glutamate receptor activities, potentially influencing cognitive functions.
- Common side effects of Memantine include dizziness, headache, and fatigue.
Ophthalmic Agents for Glaucoma
- Glaucoma is characterized by excess intraocular pressure, which can lead to vision loss if untreated.
- Various ophthalmic agents are available for managing glaucoma, some requiring refrigeration.
List of Ophthalmic Agents
- Bimatoprost: Brand name Lumigan; must be stored refrigerated.
- Brimonidine: Brand name Alphagan P.
- Dorzolamide-timolol: Brand name Cosopt.
- Latanoprost: Brand names Xalatan, Xelpros; must be stored refrigerated.
- Timolol: Brand names Timoptic, Betimol, Istalol.
- Travoprost: Brand name Travatan Z; must be stored refrigerated.
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