ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR
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Questions and Answers

How many bones are there in the appendicular skeleton?

  • 126 (correct)
  • 206
  • 50
  • 80

    • Which of the following is NOT a component of the appendicular skeleton?

  • Pelvis
  • Shoulder girdle
  • Bones of the lower limbs
  • Skull (correct)

    • Function of skeletal system?

  • Storage of minerals (correct)
  • Movement (leverage)
  • Protection
  • Blood cell formation

    • What is the function of phalanges in the skeletal system?

    <p>Provide stability and movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which skeleton provides connection points between the axial and appendicular skeleton?

    <p>Appendicular skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the upper limb bones, which ones belong to the appendicular skeleton?

    <p>Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bones are present in each digit (II-V) of a dog or cat's forepaw?

    <p>Three bones: a proximal phalanx, a middle phalanx, and a distal phalanx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ungual process in dog and cat digits?

    <p>It surrounds and supports the claw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which breed of dogs are sesamoid bone fractures more likely to occur?

    <p>Heavy large breeds like St. Bernards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which digit in a dog or cat's forepaw contains a structure similar to the human thumb?

    <p>Digit I (the dewclaw)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the appendicular skeleton in dogs and cats is NOT true?

    <p>It contains bones similar to human fingers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By what gestational week do the centers of the pelvic bones begin to fuse at the acetabulum in mice?

    <p>Week 8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, which pelvic bone features can be observed as early as 59 days of gestation in humans?

    <p>Greater sciatic notch and early iliac spines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the ischium, as described in the passage?

    <p>To bear weight and facilitate movement through muscle attachments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the pubis, according to the text?

    <p>To support the weight of the lower abdominal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sacroiliac joints, as described in the passage?

    <p>To distribute pressure and force throughout the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the connection between the spine and the pelvis, located at the junction of the axial and appendicular skeletons.

    <p>sacroiliac joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pelvis is composed of three primary components: the sacrum, ______, and pubis.

    <p>ilium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each innominate bone consists of an ilium, ischium, and ______ that join together.

    <p>pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is a structure formed from fused vertebrae (S1-S5).

    <p>sacrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ plays a critical role in load transfer and shock absorption between the spine and lower extremities.

    <p>sacroiliac joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pelvis develops as 3 separate bones on each side that eventually fuse into a solid structure. Two halves are joined ventrally by a cartilaginous joint called the pelvic ______.

    <p>symphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pelvis joins the axial skeleton dorsally at the ______ joints (one on each side).

    <p>sacroiliac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Though fused, the names of the bones are still used to designate the main regions of the pelvis - ______, ______, ______.

    <p>ilium, ischium, pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Functions: Weight-bearing from hindlimbs. Protects and supports the intestines, bladder, and internal sex organs. According to the passage, the pelvis plays a critical role in load transfer and shock absorption between the spine and lower extremities. It joins the axial skeleton at the sacroiliac joints dorsally and is composed of the ilium, ischium, and ______.

    <p>pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pelvis develops as 3x separate bones on each side that eventually fuse into a solid structure. Two halves are joined ventrally by a cartilaginous joint called the pelvic ______. Pelvis joins the axial skeleton dorsally at the sacroiliac joints (one on each side). Though fused, the names of the bones are still used to designate the main regions of the pelvis - ______, ______, ______. Functions: Weight-bearing from hindlimbs. Protects and supports the intestines, bladder, and internal sex organs. The development of the pelvis involves the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and ______ into a single structure.

    <p>pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pelvic bone with its description:

    <p>Ilium = Forms the largest part of the hip bone and provides attachment for muscles of the back and abdomen. Ischium = Forms the lower and posterior part of the hip bone and bears weight when sitting. Pubis = Located anteriorly and inferiorly, it joins with the opposite pubis at the pubic symphysis. Sacrum = Triangular bone at the base of the spine, connects to the ilium on each side.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their function in pelvic anatomy:

    <p>Sacroiliac joints = Connection points between the pelvis and axial skeleton for weight-bearing and shock absorption. Pelvic symphysis = Cartilaginous joint that joins the two halves of the pelvis ventrally. Pelvic fusion = Process where separate pelvic bones eventually merge into a solid structure. Pelvic bones fusion = Involves the fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis into a single structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each term with its role in the development of the pelvis:

    <p>Ilium = Forms a significant portion of the pelvis and provides muscle attachment points. Ischium = Contributes to weight-bearing while sitting and supports organs in the pelvis. Pubis = Joins with its counterpart to form the pubic symphysis, enhancing stability. Sacrum = Connects with ilium to form sacroiliac joints, crucial for load transfer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each term with its description in pelvic bone fusion:

    <p>Ilium = Part of the pelvis that fuses with other bones to create a solid structure for weight-bearing. Ischium = Component that merges during development to provide support for sitting and walking. Pubis = Fuses with neighboring bones to form a stable structure for organ protection. Sacrum = Triangular bone that connects with ilium during fusion for spinal support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each term with its function in sacroiliac joints:

    <p>Ilium = Connects with sacrum to form sacroiliac joint, providing stability between pelvis and spine. Ischium = Supports weight-bearing functions at sacroiliac joint during standing and movement. Pubis = Contributes to stability at sacroiliac joint by connecting with ilium and ischium. Sacrum = Forms integral part of sacroiliac joint, facilitating load transfer from spine to lower extremities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ilium bone in the pelvic girdle?

    <p>Forming the socket for the head of the femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the hip bone helps distribute weight evenly across the sacroiliac joints?

    <p>Ilium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the pelvic region, which part supports the lower abdominal viscera like the small intestine?

    <p>Greater pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the ilium contribute to load transfer in the body during movement?

    <p>By supporting and stabilizing the pelvic girdle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pelvic region bone plays a role in protecting and supporting internal organs like the urinary bladder and reproductive organs?

    <p>Pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sacroiliac joint?

    <p>To connect the lower spine to the pelvis and absorb shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the pelvis serves as a weight-bearing surface when sitting?

    <p>Ischial tuberosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the wing of the ilium?

    <p>Load transfer and shock absorption between the spine and lower extremities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the os coxae (hip bone)?

    <p>Femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ischial tuberosity?

    <p>Attachment site for the gluteus maximus muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The wing of the ilium is described as a smooth, forward-projecting structure that can be easily felt as a landmark in living animals. What is its primary function?

    <p>To form the sacroiliac joint with the sacrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pelvic bone forms the caudal part of the pelvic floor?

    <p>Ischium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sacroiliac joint?

    <p>To connect the spine to the pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pelvic bones is the smallest?

    <p>Pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ilium is the most cranial bone of the pelvis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ischial tuberosity is the main, rear-projecting process of the ischium.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The wing of the ilium is a rough, backward-projecting structure that is difficult to feel in living animals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sacroiliac joint connects the pelvis to the axial skeleton.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unilateral means affecting one side.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their description in pelvic bone fusion:

    <p>Ilium = Most cranial bone of the pelvis Ischium = Caudal-most pelvic bone Pubis = Forms the cranial portion of the pelvic floor Sacrum = Joins with the ilium and ischium to form the pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each term with its role in the development of the pelvis:

    <p>Ilium = Fuses into a solid structure Ischium = Fuses into a solid structure Pubis = Fuses into a solid structure Sacrum = Joins with ilium and ischium to form the pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each term with its function in pelvic anatomy:

    <p>Ilium = Protects and supports internal organs Ischium = Forms caudal part of pelvic floor Pubis = Supports lower abdominal viscera Sacrum = Critical role in load transfer and shock absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each pelvic bone with its description:

    <p>Ilium = Projects up in a dorsocranial direction Ischium = Smallest of the three pelvic bones Pubis = Forms caudal part of pelvic floor Sacrum = Joins with ilium and ischium to form pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the obturator foramina, as described in the passage?

    <p>To allow passage of the obturator nerve and blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what anatomical structure does the midplane of the pelvis pass through?

    <p>The lower border of the pubic symphysis and the junction of the fourth and fifth sacral vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the pubic symphysis, as described in the passage?

    <p>To connect the pubis bones and form the anterior wall of the true pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the acetabulum, as described in the passage?

    <p>The passage does not mention the acetabulum or its function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the passage describe the relationship between the pelvis and the axial skeleton?

    <p>The pelvis joins the axial skeleton dorsally at the sacroiliac joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pubic symphysis is a joint that links the bodies of both pubic bones.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The acetabulum is a cup-shaped cavity formed by the junction of the ilium, ischium, and pubis on the lateral side of the hip bone.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The obturator foramina are openings in the pelvis that provide passageways for nerves and vessels that serve the upper limbs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pubic symphysis plays an important role in transferring weight from the spine to the arms during movement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The acetabulum is a structure that houses the femoral head, creating the hip joint.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the obturator foramina?

    <p>Passageways for nerves and vessels serving the upper limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The acetabulum is a structure that:

    <p>Houses the femoral head, forming the hip joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pelvic symphysis is a:

    <p>Cartilaginous joint that joins the two halves of the pelvis ventrally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the pelvis?

    <p>Providing attachment sites for respiratory muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The acetabulum is formed by the fusion of which three bones?

    <p>Ilium, ischium, and pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The femur forms the stifle joint with the patella and tibia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The acetabulum is a structure that connects the femur to the patella.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The obturator foramina provide passageways for nerves and vessels that serve the upper limbs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pubic symphysis is a joint that links the two pubic bones.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The acetabulum is a cup-shaped cavity that forms part of the hip bone.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the acetabulum?

    <p>Houses the femoral head, creating the hip joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pubic symphysis?

    <p>Transferring weight from the spine to the arms during movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the obturator foramina?

    <p>Provide passageways for nerves and vessels serving the upper limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bones fuse to form the pelvis?

    <p>Three bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure does the obturator foramina serve?

    <p>Upper limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is a joint that links the two pubic bones.

    <p>pubic symphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is a cup-shaped cavity formed by the junction of the ilium, ischium, and pubis on the lateral side of the hip bone.

    <p>acetabulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ allows for the passage of the obturator nerve and vessels.

    <p>obturator foramina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ plays a critical role in load transfer and shock absorption between the spine and lower extremities.

    <p>pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pubic ______ is a cartilaginous joint that joins the two halves of the pelvis ventrally.

    <p>symphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their primary function in the pelvic girdle:

    <p>Pubic Symphysis = Transferring weight from spine to legs Acetabulum = Forming part of the hip bone Obturator foramina = Passageways for nerves and vessels Ilium bone = Distributing weight across sacroiliac joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their main role in pelvic anatomy:

    <p>Pubic Symphysis = Linking two pubic bones Acetabulum = Cup-shaped cavity of the hip bone Obturator foramina = Providing passageways for nerves and vessels Ilium bone = Contributing to load transfer in body movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their function in sacroiliac joints:

    <p>Pubic Symphysis = Transferring weight from spine to legs Acetabulum = Forming part of the hip bone Obturator foramina = Passageways for nerves and vessels Ilium bone = Distributing weight across sacroiliac joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their description in pelvic bone fusion:

    <p>Pubic Symphysis = Linking two pubic bones together Acetabulum = Cup-shaped cavity at the hip joint Obturator foramina = Openings for nerves and vessels Ilium bone = Contributes to load transfer in movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their role in the development of the pelvis:

    <p>Pubic Symphysis = Connecting two parts of the pelvis Acetabulum = Forms part of the hip joint Obturator foramina = Provides passageways for nerves and vessels Ilium bone = Aids in load distribution during movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following knee joint components with their functions:

    <p>Sesamoid bones = Provide protection and improve leverage for the quadriceps tendon Quadriceps femoris muscle = Primary muscle responsible for extending the knee joint Stifle joint = Articulation between the femur, patella, and tibia Trochlea of the femur = Primary contact point between the kneecap and the groove of the femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following knee joint structures with their descriptions:

    <p>Sesamoid bones = Small bones embedded within tendons to reduce friction and increase mechanical efficiency Quadriceps femoris muscle = Group of four muscles that work together to extend the knee and stabilize the patella Stifle joint = Complex hinge joint that allows flexion and extension of the lower leg Tibial crest = Rough ridge on the tibia that provides attachment points for muscles, tendons, and ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following knee joint components with their roles:

    <p>Sesamoid bones = Protect the knee joint during movement and increase mechanical advantage of quadriceps muscle Quadriceps femoris muscle = Generates force to extend the leg while stabilizing the patella Stifle joint = Facilitates smooth movement by allowing flexion and extension of the lower leg Tibial crest = Guides muscle movements and provides attachment sites for ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each knee joint structure with its specific function:

    <p>Sesamoid bones = Improve leverage of quadriceps tendon and protect it from excessive wear Quadriceps femoris muscle = Contracts to straighten the knee joint and maintain stability during movement Stifle joint = Coordinates movement between the femur, patella, and tibia for smooth flexion and extension Trochlea of the femur = Forms a groove that guides the patella during bending and stretching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following knee joint elements with their functions:

    <p>Sesamoid bones = Reduce friction on tendons, enhance mechanical efficiency, and protect underlying structures Quadriceps femoris muscle = Key muscle group for extending the knee, supporting patellar tracking, and maintaining stability Stifle joint = Allows controlled movement of the lower leg by articulating with thigh bone and shin bone Tibial crest = Provides anchoring points for muscles, tendons, and ligaments involved in knee movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the tibia?

    <p>To support the body's weight and facilitate movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the patella in the stifle joint?

    <p>To reduce friction between the femur and tibia during movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the tarsus, or hock, as described in the text?

    <p>To form the ankle joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the stifle joint?

    <p>Fibula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the connection between the tibia and the tarsal bones at the distal end of the tibia?

    <p>To transmit the weight of the body from the femur to the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    match the following terms:

    <p>Diaphragm = “knee” Stifle = muscle that divides the thorax and abdomen Hock/tarsus = “heel” Carpus = “wrist”</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Phalanges and the Appendicular Skeleton

    The human body's skeletal system plays a crucial role in providing structural support and facilitating movement. It can be divided into two main groups: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs, as well as those of the shoulder girdle and pelvis, while the axial skeleton comprises those associated with the skull, spine, and thorax. In this article, we will focus specifically on the structure, composition, and functions of the appendicular skeleton, with particular attention given to the phalanges.

    Appendix Skeleton: Overview

    The appendicular skeleton is made up of the upper and lower limbs, as well as the shoulder girdle and pelvis. It provides connection points between the appendicular skeleton and the axial skeleton, allowing for the transfer of mechanical loads. Out of the 206 bones found in the adult human body, 126 belong to the appendicular skeleton.

    Phalanges: Bones of the Fingers and Toes

    Phalanges are the bones that make up our fingers and toes. Each digit (finger or toe) has three phalanges, except for the thumb, which only has two. These bones play a crucial role in facilitating movement and providing support to the appendicular skeleton.

    The Structure and Function of the Appendicular Skeleton

    The appendicular skeleton is designed to provide stability and facilitate various movements. It articulates with other parts of the body through joints, such as the elbow and knee joints, which allow for flexion and extension. Additionally, the shoulder girdle (comprised of the clavicle and scapulae) provides attachment points for muscles involved in upper limb movements.

    In summary, the appendicular skeleton is an essential part of the human body's skeletal system. Its structure includes various bones, including the phalanges, which contribute to the function of the upper and lower limbs. Understanding this complex system can help us appreciate the intricacy and adaptability of the human body.

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    Description

    Explore the composition, function, and importance of the appendicular skeleton, focusing on the bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder girdle, and pelvis. Learn about the role of phalanges in facilitating movement and providing support to the human body's skeletal system.

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