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Questions and Answers
What is the pH of a neutral substance like pure water?
What is the pH of a neutral substance like pure water?
What is the purpose of an indicator in measuring pH?
What is the purpose of an indicator in measuring pH?
What is the definition of an acid?
What is the definition of an acid?
What is the term for the subgroup of bases that are soluble in water?
What is the term for the subgroup of bases that are soluble in water?
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What is the pH of stomach acid?
What is the pH of stomach acid?
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What is the function of a pH probe connected to a pH meter?
What is the function of a pH probe connected to a pH meter?
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What is the pH of washing-up liquid?
What is the pH of washing-up liquid?
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What is the result of combining hydrogen ions from an acid and hydroxide ions from a base?
What is the result of combining hydrogen ions from an acid and hydroxide ions from a base?
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What is the approximate pH range of acid rain?
What is the approximate pH range of acid rain?
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What type of substance has a pH of less than 7?
What type of substance has a pH of less than 7?
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What is the pH of a solution with an equal concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions?
What is the pH of a solution with an equal concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions?
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What is the purpose of using a wide-range indicator?
What is the purpose of using a wide-range indicator?
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What is the result of reacting an acid with a base?
What is the result of reacting an acid with a base?
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What type of ion is formed when an alkali dissolves in water?
What type of ion is formed when an alkali dissolves in water?
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What is the term for the process of combining hydrogen ions from an acid and hydroxide ions from a base?
What is the term for the process of combining hydrogen ions from an acid and hydroxide ions from a base?
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What is the purpose of using a pH meter?
What is the purpose of using a pH meter?
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What is the characteristic of a substance with a pH of exactly 7?
What is the characteristic of a substance with a pH of exactly 7?
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Study Notes
pH Scale
- pH measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, ranging from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most alkaline)
- Neutral substances, like pure water, have a pH of 7
- Examples of acidic substances: stomach acid (pH 2), acid rain (pH 4)
- Examples of alkaline substances: washing-up liquid (pH 9), bleach (pH 12)
Measuring pH
- Indicators are chemical dyes that change color depending on the pH
- Different indicators change color at different pH
- Wide-range indicators, like universal indicator, change color across a wide pH range
- pH probes connected to pH meters provide an electronic, numerical reading of the pH
Acids and Bases
- Acids are substances that form aqueous solutions with a pH of less than 7
- Acids release hydrogen ions in water, making the solution acidic
- Bases are substances with a pH greater than 7
- Alkalis are a subgroup of bases that are soluble in water, forming solutions with a pH greater than 7
- Alkalis form hydroxide ions (OH-) in water
Neutralization Reactions
- Reacting an acid and a base produces a salt and water
- Examples: hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium chloride + water
- Hydrogen ions (H+) from the acid and hydroxide ions (OH-) from the base combine to form water (H2O)
- The pH of the products is neutral (pH 7) since the acid and base are neutralized
Common Acids and Bases
- Common acids: hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid
- Common bases: hydroxides (sodium hydroxide) and carbonates (calcium carbonate)
pH Scale
- pH ranges from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most alkaline)
- Neutral substances have a pH of 7
- Acidic substances: stomach acid (pH 2), acid rain (pH 4)
- Alkaline substances: washing-up liquid (pH 9), bleach (pH 12)
Measuring pH
- Indicators: chemical dyes that change color depending on pH
- Different indicators change color at different pHs
- Wide-range indicators: universal indicator, change color across a wide pH range
- pH probes: connected to pH meters, provide electronic, numerical reading of pH
Acids and Bases
- Acids: substances with pH < 7, release hydrogen ions in water, making solution acidic
- Bases: substances with pH > 7
- Alkalis: subgroup of bases, soluble in water, forming solutions with pH > 7
- Alkalis form hydroxide ions (OH-) in water
Neutralization Reactions
- Reacting acid and base produces salt and water
- Acid + base → salt + water (e.g., hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium chloride + water)
- Hydrogen ions (H+) from acid and hydroxide ions (OH-) from base combine to form water (H2O)
- Neutral pH (pH 7) of products due to neutralization of acid and base
Common Acids and Bases
- Common acids: hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid
- Common bases: hydroxides (sodium hydroxide), carbonates (calcium carbonate)
pH Scale
- pH ranges from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most alkaline)
- Neutral substances have a pH of 7
- Acidic substances: stomach acid (pH 2), acid rain (pH 4)
- Alkaline substances: washing-up liquid (pH 9), bleach (pH 12)
Measuring pH
- Indicators: chemical dyes that change color depending on pH
- Different indicators change color at different pHs
- Wide-range indicators: universal indicator, change color across a wide pH range
- pH probes: connected to pH meters, provide electronic, numerical reading of pH
Acids and Bases
- Acids: substances with pH < 7, release hydrogen ions in water, making solution acidic
- Bases: substances with pH > 7
- Alkalis: subgroup of bases, soluble in water, forming solutions with pH > 7
- Alkalis form hydroxide ions (OH-) in water
Neutralization Reactions
- Reacting acid and base produces salt and water
- Acid + base → salt + water (e.g., hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium chloride + water)
- Hydrogen ions (H+) from acid and hydroxide ions (OH-) from base combine to form water (H2O)
- Neutral pH (pH 7) of products due to neutralization of acid and base
Common Acids and Bases
- Common acids: hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid
- Common bases: hydroxides (sodium hydroxide), carbonates (calcium carbonate)
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Description
Learn about the pH scale, measuring acidity and alkalinity, and how indicators are used to determine pH levels.
