BIO-31 Post-Exam (2) - Review quiz.
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Questions and Answers

What is the glycocalyx primarily composed of?

  • Nucleic acids
  • Inorganic salts
  • Lipids and proteins
  • Polysaccharide and/or polypeptide (correct)

Which of the following is a function of the bacterial cell wall?

  • Storage of genetic material
  • Protein synthesis
  • Energy production
  • Maintaining cell shape and preventing osmotic lysis (correct)

What is the main component of the bacterial cell wall?

  • Chitin
  • Peptidoglycan (correct)
  • Lipopolysaccharide
  • Cellulose

What is the role of fimbriae in bacterial cells?

<p>Attachment to surfaces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of flagella?

<p>Motility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are axial filaments?

<p>Internal flagella (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the capsule type of glycocalyx known for?

<p>Neatly organized and firmly attached structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial step in protein catabolism?

<p>Hydrolysis by extracellular proteases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Oxidase test?

<p>To identify bacteria with cytochrome oxidase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?

<p>Conversion of light energy into chemical energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In oxygenic photosynthesis, what gas is produced?

<p>Oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do photoautotrophs use as an energy source?

<p>Light (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In simple diffusion, a solute moves from an area of:

<p>High concentration to low concentration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process requires a transporter protein and moves ions and larger molecules across a membrane with the concentration gradient?

<p>Facilitated diffusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane called?

<p>Osmosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the water channels that assist in osmosis called?

<p>Aquaporins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of solution has equal solute concentrations inside and outside the cell?

<p>Isotonic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which solution does water move into the cell?

<p>Hypotonic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process requires both a transporter protein and ATP?

<p>Active transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary component of cytoplasm?

<p>Water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure contains the bacterial cell's genetic information?

<p>Nucleoid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of genes are typically carried on plasmids?

<p>Genes for antibiotic resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is present in Gram-positive cell walls?

<p>Teichoic acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Gram-negative cell walls?

<p>Thin peptidoglycan layer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of penicillin on bacteria?

<p>Inhibiting peptide bridges in peptidoglycan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the waxy lipid found in acid-fast cell walls?

<p>Mycolic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genus of bacteria is known for having acid-fast cell walls?

<p>Mycobacterium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of Mycoplasmas?

<p>Lack of cell walls (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of sterols in the plasma membrane of Mycoplasmas?

<p>Prevent lysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

<p>Regulate the passage of substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process requires energy to move substances across the plasma membrane?

<p>Active transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microorganism is used in the production of beer and wine?

<p>Saccharomyces cerevisiae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the starting material for vinegar production?

<p>Ethanol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following products uses Lactobacillus and Streptococcus in its production?

<p>Cheese (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of microorganism is Aspergillus?

<p>Fungus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which archaeon is used to produce methane?

<p>Methanosarcina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the starting material for Swiss cheese production?

<p>Lactic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a fermentation end-product in rye bread production?

<p>Lactic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What starting material is fermented to produce sorbose, an intermediate in Vitamin C production?

<p>Sorbitol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium is used in fermenting cabbage to make sauerkraut?

<p>Lactobacillus plantarum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the fermentation end-products of Clostridium acetobutylicum?

<p>Acetone and Butanol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cell structure is NOT found in prokaryotes?

<p>Organelles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for bacteria that have many shapes?

<p>Pleomorphic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a spherical bacterial shape?

<p>Coccus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cell wall of bacteria composed of, according to the text?

<p>Peptidoglycan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for rod-shaped bacteria?

<p>Bacillus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following arrangements describes a pair of cocci?

<p>Diplococci (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pure culture?

<p>A culture containing only one species or strain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the streak plate method?

<p>To isolate pure cultures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method for preserving bacterial cultures?

<p>Incubation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common method of bacterial division?

<p>Binary fission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of growth are cells at the highest metabolic activity?

<p>Log phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of axial filaments?

<p>Movement in a corkscrew motion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the glycocalyx?

<p>An outer, viscous, gelatinous covering on some bacterial cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of pili?

<p>To enable motility and DNA transfer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the basal body in flagella?

<p>Anchoring the flagellum to the cell wall and membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is peptidoglycan composed of?

<p>Repeating disaccharides and polypeptides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the rotation of flagella allow bacteria to do?

<p>Move toward or away from stimuli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the slime layer?

<p>Unorganized and loosely attached (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of fimbriae?

<p>Allow attachment to surfaces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the bacterial cell wall?

<p>Preventing osmotic lysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a BSL-1 laboratory?

<p>Basic teaching labs with no special precautions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which biosafety level requires the use of lab coats, gloves, and eye protection?

<p>BSL-2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of biosafety cabinets in a BSL-3 laboratory?

<p>To prevent airborne transmission of pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of biosafety requires a sealed, negative pressure environment?

<p>BSL-4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of filter is used to filter exhaust air in a BSL-4 lab?

<p>HEPA filter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of selective media?

<p>To suppress unwanted microbes while encouraging desired ones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Saboraud’s Dextrose Agar?

<p>To isolate fungi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of differential media?

<p>To distinguish colonies of different microbes on the same plate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of enrichment culture?

<p>Increasing the numbers of a desired organism to detectable levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of culture media is designed to increase the number of desired microbes to detectable levels?

<p>Enrichment media (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microorganism is used to produce ethanol for beer and wine?

<p>Saccharomyces cerevisiae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the starting material typically used in the production of vinegar?

<p>Ethanol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a fermentation end-product used in the production of Swiss cheese?

<p>Propionic acid and carbon dioxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the starting material for the production of sauerkraut?

<p>Cabbage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microorganism is involved in the production of methane?

<p>Methanosarcina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From what starting material is lactic acid derived during cheese production?

<p>Milk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the industrial use of acetone and butanol produced by fermentation?

<p>Pharmaceutical and industrial uses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the starting material used to produce sorbose, an intermediate in Vitamin C production?

<p>Sorbitol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What microorganism is used in the industrial production of citric acid?

<p>Aspergillus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial genus carries out lactic acid fermentation of cabbage to produce sauerkraut?

<p>Lactobacillus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the Glycocalyx?

A viscous, gelatinous outer layer made of polysaccharide and/or polypeptide that surrounds the cell wall in some bacteria.

What is a Capsule?

Neatly organized and firmly attached glycocalyx layer.

What is the Slime Layer?

Unorganized and loose glycocalyx layer.

What are Flagella?

Filamentous appendages that propel bacteria by rotation.

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What are Axial Filaments?

Also known as endoflagella, these structures are anchored at one end of the cell, causing the corkscrew-like movement of spirochetes.

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What are Fimbriae?

Hairlike appendages that allow bacteria to attach to each other and to surfaces.

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What are Pili?

Appendages involved in motility (gliding and twitching) and DNA transfer (conjugation).

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Gram-Positive Cell Wall

Cell wall with a thick peptidoglycan layer and teichoic acids. Susceptible to penicillin.

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Gram-Negative Cell Wall

Cell wall with a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane. Less susceptible to penicillin; more susceptible to mechanical breakage.

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Acid-Fast Cell Walls

Cell walls containing a waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan.

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Mycoplasmas

Bacteria that lack cell walls; contain sterols in plasma membrane to prevent lysis.

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Plasma Membrane

Encloses the cytoplasm; comprised of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins. Selective barrier.

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Fluid Mosaic Model

Describes the plasma membrane as viscous as olive oil with proteins moving freely.

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Selective Permeability

Allows some molecules to pass, but not others. Location of ATP production enzymes and photosynthetic pigments.

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Passive Transport

Movement from high to low concentration; no energy required.

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Active Transport

Movement from low to high concentration; requires energy.

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Protein Catabolism

Proteins are broken down into amino acids by extracellular proteases. These amino acids undergo deamination, decarboxylation, dehydrogenation, and desulfurization to enter the Krebs cycle.

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Fermentation Test

Bacteria catabolizing carbs or proteins produce acid, changing the color of a pH indicator.

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Oxidase Test

Identifies bacteria with cytochrome oxidase.

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Light-dependent Reactions

Light energy converted to ATP and NADPH.

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Light-independent Reactions

ATP and NADPH reduce CO2 to sugar via the Calvin-Benson cycle.

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Simple Diffusion

Movement of a solute from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached.

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Facilitated Diffusion

Solute combines with a transporter protein to move across the membrane with the concentration gradient.

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Osmosis

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from high to low water concentration.

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Osmotic Pressure

Pressure needed to stop the movement of water across a membrane.

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Isotonic Solution

Equal solute concentrations inside and outside the cell; water is at equilibrium.

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Hypotonic Solution

Solute concentration is lower outside the cell; water moves into the cell.

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Hypertonic Solution

Solute concentration is higher outside the cell; water moves out of the cell.

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Group Translocation

Requires a transporter protein and PEP; the substance is altered as it crosses the membrane.

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Bacterial Chromosome

Circular DNA containing the cell's genetic information.

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What is fermentation?

Process using microorganisms to convert raw materials into valuable products.

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Ethanol fermentation

Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ferments sugars from starch to produce ethanol.

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Acetic Acid fermentation

Bacteria (Acetobacter) oxidizes ethanol to produce acetic acid.

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Lactic Acid fermentation

Lactobacillus and Streptococcus ferment milk sugars (lactose) into lactic acid.

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Swiss cheese fermentation

Propionibacterium freudenreichii ferments lactic acid to produce propionic acid and carbon dioxide.

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Production of Acetone and Butanol

Clostridium acetobutylicum ferments molasses to produce acetone and butanol

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production of Citric Acid

Aspergillus (a fungus) ferments molasses to produce citric acid.

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Methane fermentation

Methanosarcina(archaeon) consumes acetic acid to produce methane.

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Sorbose Production

Gluconobacter oxidizes sorbitol to sorbose.

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Microorganism involved in beer and wine production.

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Prokaryote

Cell lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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Eukaryote

Cell containing a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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Binary Fission

Asexual reproduction in bacteria cells, resulting in two identical cells.

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Mitosis

Cell division in eukaryotic cells that allows for the equal separation of genetic material.

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Monomorphic

Having a single shape. (Most bacteria)

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Pleomorphic

Having many shapes.

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Coccus

Spherical bacterial cell.

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Pure Culture

A culture containing only one species or strain of organism.

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Colony

A population of cells arising from a single cell, spore, or group of attached cells; often called a colony-forming unit (CFU).

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Streak Plate Method

Method used to obtain pure cultures by spreading bacteria across a plate to isolate individual colonies.

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Deep-Freezing

A method to preserve cultures by freezing them at very low temperatures (-50° to -95°C).

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Glycocalyx

A sticky, gelatinous coating surrounding the bacterial cell; made of polysaccharides and/or polypeptides.

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Capsule (Glycocalyx)

A neatly organized and firmly attached glycocalyx layer that prevents phagocytosis.

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Slime Layer (Glycocalyx)

A loose, unorganized glycocalyx layer that aids in biofilm formation and nutrient absorption.

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Bacterial Flagella

Filamentous appendages that propel bacteria.

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Filament (Flagella)

Outermost region of the flagella.

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Hook (Flagella)

Connects the filament to the basal body.

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Basal Body (Flagella)

Anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and membrane.

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Taxis

Movement towards or away from stimuli.

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Spirochetes

Spiral-shaped bacteria that move using axial filaments.

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Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1)

No special precautions needed; typical teaching labs.

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Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2)

Lab coat, gloves, eye protection required.

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Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3)

Requires biosafety cabinets to prevent airborne transmission.

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Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4)

Sealed, negative pressure "hot zone" with exhaust air filtered twice.

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Selective Media

Suppresses unwanted microbes while encouraging growth of desired ones.

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Saboraud’s Dextrose Agar

pH of 5.6 prevents bacterial growth; agar used to isolate fungi.

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Differential Media

Allows differentiation of colonies of different microbes on the same plate.

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Enrichment Culture

Increases small numbers of a desired organism to detectable levels.

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Selective Media Purpose

Suppression of unwanted microbes; encouraging desired microbes.

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Enrichment Media Purpose

Similar to selective, but boosts numbers to detectable levels.

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Ethanol Fermentation (Beer/Wine)

Yeast fermentation creating beverages with alcohol. Uses starch or sugar.

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Lactic Acid Fermentation (Dairy)

Bacteria fermentation that involves the production of cheese and yogurt.

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Lactic Acid Fermentation (Rye)

Bacteria fermentation that creates tangy flavor in rye bread.

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Lactic Acid Fermentation (Sauerkraut)

Bacteria fermentation that preserves cabbage.

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Lactic Acid Fermentation (Sausage)

Bacteria fermentation that preserves meat.

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Propionic Acid Fermentation

Bacteria fermentation of lactic acid used to make swiss cheese.

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Acetone/Butanol Fermentation

Bacteria fermentation of molasses used to make solvents.

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Citric Acid Fermentation

Fungal fermentation of molasses used as flavoring.

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Study Notes

Bacerial Division

  • Generation time, it takes Time required for a cell divide which can last for 20 minutes to 24 hours.
  • Binary fission doubles the number of cells each generation.
  • Total number of cells = 2number of generations for any sample.
  • Growth curves are represented and recorded logarithmically

Phases of Bacterial Growth

  • The Lag phase is a Period of adjustment to new conditions
  • Little or no cell division occurs in the population.
  • Population size during this phase does not usually increase.
  • A phase of intense metabolic activity occurs, in which individual organisms grow in size occurs.
  • This may occur for an hour up to several days depending.
  • Log phase in which begin has begin.Cells divide, and constant minimum of period can be used and observed.
  • A Period of most rapid growth.
  • The Number of cells produced can have a higher and higher amount compared to the Number of cells Cells dying.
  • The are At there is always an active highest cell number where cells can undergo their metabolic activity. Cells are most susceptible to adverse environmental factors at the the stage.
  • factors including, Radiation and Antibiotics can cause harm at this stage.
  • Number of cells Number in the is is produced what helps stabilize the Cell .
  • The are Equal dying cells helps does help Overall not increase .
  • Cell division begins to slow down the the the cell number is is is .Factors that slow down microbial growth.
  • These help inhibit Accumulation, this will causes Accumulation to also inhibit growth . Also, an Acidic of media, Limited nutrients, Insufficient oxygen supply from the environments.
  • Population size begins to decrease and the help stabilizes the Population.
  • Number of cells dying is greater than the Number of cells now able produced. Cell number decreases at a logarithmic rate since Cells lose their ability to divide.
  • But now A few cells may remain still Alive but for only for a long period time.

Direct and Indirect Measurement Growth

  • Measurements of Microbial Growth includes Volume bacterial suspension placed on in which the of of a all.
  • The Average number of bacteria calculated is by a Number to to , that for , that The , , , .of , the in

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