Petroleum and Fractional Distillation Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the result of a substitution reaction between an alkane and a halogen in the presence of UV radiation?

Formation of a new alkane

Production of carbon dioxide and water

Formation of a halogenated alkane and hydrogen halide (correct)

No reaction occurs

What role does ultraviolet (UV) radiation play in the substitution reaction of alkanes with halogens?

It slows down the reaction

It acts as a catalyst

It absorbs excess heat produced during the reaction

It provides the activation energy for the reaction (correct)

In the substitution reaction of methane with chlorine, which product is formed along with chloromethane?

Carbon monoxide

Hydrogen chloride (correct)

Chlorine gas

Hydrogen

What happens to the number of hydrogen atoms in an alkane when multiple halogen substitution occurs?

More than one hydrogen atom can be replaced Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the structural formulae of products formed in a monosubstitution reaction?

One halogen atom replaces one hydrogen atom Signup and view all the answers

What type of links connect amino acids in proteins?

Peptide links Signup and view all the answers

How many common amino acids are there that can form proteins?

20 Signup and view all the answers

What functional groups are present in an amino acid?

NH2 and COOH Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of amino acids that can be found in a single protein?

60 to 600 Signup and view all the answers

What do the boxes represent in the diagram showing the structure of proteins?

Carbon chains Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for alkenes?

CnH2n Signup and view all the answers

What allows alkenes to form additional bonds with other atoms?

Carbon-carbon double bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of catalytic cracking?

To convert longer-chain molecules into useful shorter-chain hydrocarbons Signup and view all the answers

At what temperatures does catalytic cracking typically occur?

600 – 700°C Signup and view all the answers

What products are commonly produced from catalytic cracking?

Shorter-chain alkanes, alkenes, and hydrogen Signup and view all the answers

What role does a catalyst play in catalytic cracking?

It breaks covalent bonds during thermal decomposition Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contains a higher proportion when cracking occurs at higher temperatures?

Alkenes and hydrogen Signup and view all the answers

Which of these products can alkenes be used to create?

Polymers Signup and view all the answers

What is petroleum commonly known as?

Crude oil Signup and view all the answers

What determines the boiling points of the fractions in petroleum?

The number of carbon atoms in the chain Signup and view all the answers

At which part of the fractionating column do hydrocarbons with high boiling points condense?

At the bottom Signup and view all the answers

In which state does crude oil primarily exist?

Liquid Signup and view all the answers

What happens to vapours of hydrocarbons with low boiling points during fractional distillation?

They rise and condense at the top Signup and view all the answers

What is the main process used to separate the different components of petroleum?

Fractional distillation Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the viscosity of petroleum fractions as their carbon chain length increases?

It increases Signup and view all the answers

Where does crude oil typically enter during the fractional distillation process?

At the bottom of the fractionating column Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between addition and condensation polymerization?

Condensation polymerization involves linking two different monomers. Signup and view all the answers

How can you deduce the monomer from a given addition polymer?

By changing the single bond in the repeat unit to a double bond. Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for the formation of condensation polymers?

Two monomers with two functional groups present. Signup and view all the answers

What type of linkage is formed during the creation of nylon?

Amide linkage. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during hydrolysis of a polyamide in acidic conditions?

The monomers are produced by rupturing the peptide link. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the repeating unit in addition polymers?

It is made up of a single type of monomer only. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding dicarboxylic acids used in nylon production?

They contain carboxylic groups at either end of the molecule. Signup and view all the answers

What is typically removed during the formation of a condensation polymer?

A small molecule, usually water. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Petroleum

Also known as crude oil, a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and natural gas.
Found under porous rock beneath the ground and the sea; characterized as thick and sticky black liquid.
Individual components, referred to as fractions, have specific applications, while the mixture itself is not very useful.
Separated through fractional distillation, which relies on differences in boiling points that correlate with carbon chain length.

Fractional Distillation

Process conducted in a fractionating column that is hot at the bottom and cools at the top.
Crude oil is heated; vapors rise, and those with high boiling points condense at the bottom, while those with lower boiling points rise and condense at the top.
Results in separate fractions being tapped off at different heights according to their boiling points.

Substitution Reaction of Alkanes with Halogens

A substitution reaction replaces one atom or group with another in the presence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, often sourced from sunlight.
Known as a photochemical reaction, UV light provides the activation energy needed for the reaction.
A hydrogen atom in alkanes can be replaced with a halogen atom; multiple hydrogen substitutions are possible based on UV intensity.

Alkenes

Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon double bonds (C=C); general formula is CnH2n.
More reactive than alkanes due to their double bonds allowing for additional bonding with other atoms.
Can be synthesized through catalytic cracking of longer-chain hydrocarbons into shorter more useful hydrocarbons like alkenes and alkanes.

Catalytic Cracking

Converts longer-chain molecules into useful shorter-chain hydrocarbons, including alkenes and hydrogen.
Requires temperatures of 600 – 700°C and uses a powdered catalyst (like alumina or silica) to break covalent bonds via thermal decomposition.
Process yields a mixture of shorter alkanes and alkenes, with higher temperatures and pressures favoring the production of hydrogen and more alkenes.

Addition Polymerisation

Example includes polythene and PVC; involves linking monomers to form polymers.
Monomer structure is deduced from the repeating unit of the polymer by changing single bonds to double bonds and removing terminal bonds.

Condensation Polymers

Formed by linking two different monomers with the expulsion of a small molecule, usually water.
Contrasts with addition polymers that only result in the polymer.
Each monomer contains two functional groups to facilitate bonding and polymer formation.

Forming Nylon

Nylon is a polyamide achieved from dicarboxylic acids and diamines, with each -COOH group reacting with an -NH2 group from another monomer.
Formation leads to amide linkages with the loss of water molecules at each link, creating long chains.

Proteins

Proteins are condensation polymers formed from amino acid monomers linked by amide (peptide) bonds.
Composed of 20 common amino acids, which vary by the side chain structure represented as R.
Typically consist of 60 to 600 amino acids arranged in specific sequences, determining the protein's function.

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Description

This quiz assesses your understanding of petroleum, its properties, and the process of fractional distillation. You will explore how crude oil is separated into useful components and the chemical reactions involved, including substitution reactions with halogens. Test your knowledge of these fundamental concepts in chemistry!