30 Questions
What constitutes an argument?
A set or group of propositions
What is the relationship between a premise and a conclusion?
They are functions within an argument
Can a proposition appear as both a premise and a conclusion in different arguments?
Yes, and it's a common occurrence
What is the purpose of an inferential claim?
To establish a logical connection between premises and conclusion
What is required for a set of propositions to be considered an argument?
An inferential claim connecting premises to a conclusion
What does the example 'All humans feed their young with milk' illustrate?
A proposition that can be both a premise and a conclusion
What is Peter Abelard known for in the context of logic?
Reconstructing and refining the Logic of Aristotle and Chrysippus
What is the traditional definition of an argument?
A verbal expression of mediate inference
What is the purpose of a premise in an argument?
To provide evidence or reasons for the conclusion
How many basic elements does an argument have?
Two, the premise and the conclusion
What is the main point of an argument, according to the structure of an argument?
The conclusion
What is the primary distinction made by Abelard in terms of arguments?
Between arguments that are valid because of their form and those that are valid because of their content
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes an opinion from an argument?
The argument presents evidence or reasoning.
What is the primary purpose of a description?
To provide a definition of something.
Which of the following is an example of a passage that does not contain an argument?
A description of the characteristics of a novel.
What is the primary purpose of a description?
To provide a meaning to a thing
What happens to an opinion once it is proven to be true?
It becomes a fact.
What is the main characteristic of a report?
It conveys factual information about a chronicle of events
What is a characteristic of an opinion?
It is subjective and unverified.
What is the difference between an illustration and an argument?
An illustration provides evidence for a claim, while an argument presents a claim.
What is the primary function of the word 'thus' in an illustration?
To show something has happened or is done
What is the main difference between an illustration and an argument?
An illustration provides examples, while an argument presents a claim
What is the purpose of providing examples in an illustration?
To exemplify a statement
What is the common misunderstanding about illustrations?
They are often confused with arguments
What are the two distinct components of an explanation?
Explanandum and explanans
What is the purpose of an explanation?
To show why a statement is true
What is the role of the explanans in an explanation?
It is the statement or group of statements that purports to do the explaining
Why are explanations sometimes mistaken for arguments?
Because they both contain the word 'because'
What is the characteristic of the explanatory factors cited in an explanation?
They are highly speculative
What is the difference in approach between an argument and an explanation?
An argument shows a statement is true, while an explanation shows why it is true
Study Notes
Non-Arguments
- Opinions are subjective ideas or thoughts about something, not verified, and do not provide evidence or reason to prove their validity.
- Examples: Christopher Columbus' opinion that the earth is round, Greek philosophers' opinion that the earth is the center of the universe.
- Descriptions provide a definition of something by enumerating its characteristics, but do not present a claim or evidence.
Arguments
- An argument is a set of propositions with an inferential claim, expressing a logical connection between the premises and the conclusion.
- An argument has two basic components: premises (reasons or evidence) and a conclusion (claim or main point).
- Premises answer the question "why?" while the conclusion answers the question "what?".
Examples of Non-Arguments
- Reports: convey factual information about a chronicle of events, may report an argument, but do not present a claim or evidence.
- Example: News report about Mike Arroyo's hospitalization, weather report about Southern Visayas and Mindanao.
- Illustrations: provide specific examples to exemplify a statement, often confused with arguments, but do not present a claim or evidence.
- Examples: using Roman numerals to stand for numbers, examples of Philippine Presidents who were former Senators.
- Explanations: provide a group of statements to shed light on an event or phenomenon, composed of an explanandum (event or phenomenon to be explained) and an explanans (statements that purport to do the explaining).
- Examples: explaining why the sky is blue, explaining the universe's structure.
Historical Figures
- Peter Abelard: a major logician of the Middle Ages, reconstructed and refined the Logic of Aristotle and Chrysippus, and originated the theory of universals.
Test your knowledge of Peter Abelard, a prominent logician of the Middle Ages, and his contributions to the development of logic, particularly his theory of universals and distinction between valid arguments.
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