Perspectives Test #2: Deaf Education

Questions and Answers

What is the startling discovery regarding professional growth in Deaf education?

There is no other field where the instructors or professionals learn the language of instruction from the students they teach.

How are the DHH teachers' comprehension skills?

Since so few hearing teachers are able to understand older deaf students and deaf adults well enough to carry on a substantial conversation, Deaf people often adjust their signing to accommodate the hearing person.

Why do Deaf teachers do well in the DHH classroom?

Deaf teachers enhance the attention deaf students pay to classroom instruction and are better at keeping attention focused on a topic.

Why do principals tend to place Deaf teachers in high school classes?

Language issues in elementary programs are magnified in high school, where many deaf students have conversational ASL skills that surpass their hearing teachers. Signup and view all the answers

How far does the average Deaf student progress in four years of high school studies?

The average deaf high schooler gains only one grade level of academic achievement in four or more years of high school. Signup and view all the answers

What is the best chance to learn English for a Deaf child?

Learning ASL, because it is a natural language that is rule-governed, predictable, and generative. Signup and view all the answers

What does the evidence show that bilingual education can be a successful model?

A comprehensive review finds a consistent advantage favoring bilingual education in various academic areas. Signup and view all the answers

Who make the best readers of English in bilingual education?

Literacy development in the student's primary language builds skills that transfer to learning literacy in their second language. Signup and view all the answers

What will become of Deaf students if they use ASL as the primary language in school?

Self-esteem and emotional adjustment improves, leading to decreased need for counseling services. Signup and view all the answers

Cite the opponents' views on ASL if it is allowed to take place in school.

Opponents say that rejecting the minority's language is symbolic of oppression and hinders the child's motivation. Signup and view all the answers

Cite further proof for trying ASL to boost academic success of Deaf students.

Signup and view all the answers

What do teachers need to make bilingual education work as designed?

Teachers need to be skilled in using ASL and possess extensive knowledge about ASL structure. Signup and view all the answers

Has the spoken language for the past 150 years delivered English language fluency and literacy in Deaf children?

False Signup and view all the answers

What six principles need to be acted upon for bilingual/bicultural success for Deaf students?

<ol> <li>Respect for the language. 2. Incorporating heritage information in teaching. 3. Using the language of the child to increase understanding of content information. 4. Increasing the complexity and metalinguistic knowledge of the language of the child. 5. Developing transfer strategies from one language to another to gain information. 6. Developing a strong metalinguistic awareness of English.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

How can parents learn ASL and interact with Deaf adults?

Deaf professionals can meet with parents to discuss what it means to be deaf and teach them ASL. Signup and view all the answers

Why have parents not had a chance to try ASL at home?

Published guides often counsel parents against using ASL, claiming it is too difficult for hearing parents to learn. Signup and view all the answers

Have research studies proved benefits for using the invented English signing system?

False Signup and view all the answers

Why is reading a book to a child important?

The more parents read to their child, the better reader that child will become. Signup and view all the answers

The basic goal of bilingual and bicultural program is to provide them with a ______________.

storehouse of tools, both linguistic and cultural. Signup and view all the answers

Why can't we afford to fail a child, Deaf or hearing, educationally?

In an increasingly technological world, nearly 3/4 of all jobs require technical training beyond a high school diploma. Signup and view all the answers

The vast majority of school districts have a small Deaf student population. What solution do they find to increase such the population?

Programs are established through collaboration of neighboring school districts to increase the size of the student pool. Signup and view all the answers

What is a self-contained day class and full inclusion?

Signup and view all the answers

Where did the formal Deaf education for any Deaf children get started?

France Signup and view all the answers

How much has LSF influenced other signed languages?

More signed languages in the Western world today, including ASL, trace their roots to French sign language than to any other. Signup and view all the answers

Who started the world's first public school for Deaf children and where?

Abbé de l'Epée in Paris in the 1760's. Signup and view all the answers

What is the life story of Ferdinand Berthier?

Born Deaf, lived in France, recognized as super capable in school, later became head teacher at the National Institution for Deaf-Mutes, published works advancing the welfare of the Deaf, created the first known social organization for the Deaf, served in the National Assembly and was awarded the Legion of Honor. Signup and view all the answers

What is the good and bad news about the Deaf community in France?

Initially, there was a struggle between advocates of LSF and spoken French, but supporters of LSF were able to raise awareness and pride in the Deaf community. Signup and view all the answers

Why is Sweden different from France?

Sweden embraces cultural pluralism and has policies for preserving minority languages and cultures. Signup and view all the answers

What are the general and Deaf populations in Sweden?

General population of 9 million, roughly 9 thousand are Deaf. Signup and view all the answers

What are the academic accomplishments for Deaf Swedes?

The first Deaf students in bilingual classes graduated high school with reading and mathematics achievement levels comparable to those of hearing peers. Signup and view all the answers

How is the mainstreaming concept performing for Swedish children?

There is no support for mainstreaming of Deaf children in Sweden today. Signup and view all the answers

Do Deaf Swedes consider themselves disabled?

They do not see themselves as having a disability. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of breakthrough occurred for Deaf Europeans in 1988?

The European Parliament voted a motion urging all member states to promote and preserve their signed languages. Signup and view all the answers

What are the job prospects available to Deaf Europeans?

Deaf education in Europe prepares most Deaf students for non-professional jobs; they are often underemployed. Signup and view all the answers

What does WFD stand for and what is its primary role?

World Federation of the Deaf; its primary role is to defend Deaf language and culture. Signup and view all the answers

Where do eighty percent of Deaf people in the world live?

Developing Nations Signup and view all the answers

Why is Andrew Foster considered a hero in Deaf America and Deaf Africa?

He is known as the father of Deaf education in Africa and founded 13 schools for the Deaf in various countries. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of life do the Deaf live in the developing world?

Living conditions for Deaf people often involve violations of basic human rights. Signup and view all the answers

What is the conflict between the hearing world and the Deaf world?

The hearing world sees Deaf individuals as disabled due to their limited hearing. Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical experience Deaf adults have with speech therapy?

They report that endeavoring to speak and hear is often laborious and frustrating. Signup and view all the answers

What is the parents' fear about communication success for their Deaf child?

Parents fear that extensive speech therapy will be a disabling experience. Signup and view all the answers

What is the supporters' argument for ASL?

The notion that sign language is easy is misleading; competency should come naturally. Signup and view all the answers

What experience do Deaf individuals have with their hearing family during dinner?

Dinner time is often confusing, as they struggle to understand jokes and conversations. Signup and view all the answers

What do many Deaf mainstreamed students feel about their social life in public school?

They are often unsure where they belong and rely heavily on their interpreter. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of transformations do Deaf students experience at Gallaudet University and NTID?

They find a fully accessible environment where they feel included and discover their identity as Deaf individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)?

To provide a free and appropriate education to every disabled child starting from age three. Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child with a disability start formal education?

3 Signup and view all the answers

What are two problems with the IDEA law for a Deaf child?

Residential schools are referred to as 'institutions' and most deaf children need a unique visual language. Signup and view all the answers

Define the Disability Dilemma.

The rope between disability legislation and the distinct agenda of the Deaf community. Signup and view all the answers

How widespread are the services and resources available for a Deaf child in the first three years of life?

Publicly supported parent infant programs for Deaf children are few and far between. Signup and view all the answers

What about the next three years between the ages of 3 and 6?

There are early intervention programs available, but often lack professional staff trained to work with Deaf children. Signup and view all the answers

What is the two-word name for providing educational services to infants and toddlers up to 3 years of age?

Early intervention Signup and view all the answers

What is the three-word name for spelling out what educational services will be provided to a child with a disability?

Individualized Education Plan (IEP) Signup and view all the answers

Do most elementary and middle school teachers know ASL?

No, they do not, and therefore cannot communicate effectively with their Deaf students. Signup and view all the answers

When did the communication model change from oral instruction to the combined method of speech and sign?

1960s Signup and view all the answers

What problem did the authors cite regarding academic levels in residential schools?

The schools are divided into sections that may indicate low expectations of staff and students. Signup and view all the answers

What advantage do residential schools offer that most mainstream programs don't?

They encourage vocational training rather than solely academic courses. Signup and view all the answers

What are the other advantages of residential schools?

Excellent socialization opportunities since all children are Deaf. Signup and view all the answers

Why do the Deaf make up only seven percent of the teaching staff?

Certification requirements make it difficult for Deaf individuals to become teachers. Signup and view all the answers

How do most residential school graduates feel about their self-esteem?

Healthy and integrated into the Deaf community. Signup and view all the answers

Prior to the 1960s, eighty percent of Deaf children were enrolled in residential schools. What is the current estimate?

30% Signup and view all the answers

What caused the big drop in residential school enrollment?

The push for mainstreaming and inclusion movements. Signup and view all the answers

Hearing professionals and parents see local public schools as the least restrictive environment. What is our perspective?

The Deaf world considers the residential school to be the most inclusive environment. Signup and view all the answers

Do most residential students live in the dorm?

No, most commute daily. About 50 to 70 percent. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common school environment for elementary-age Deaf students?

Separate, self-contained classes in regular schools. Signup and view all the answers

Do mainstreaming programs offer extracurricular activities to Deaf students?

Often, there is a severe lack of social interactions and activities available. Signup and view all the answers

What is a resource room for Deaf students?

A room where Deaf individuals receive special tutoring in English and language arts. Signup and view all the answers

What is our perspective on full inclusion in public schools?

It leads to disaster, resulting in loneliness and dependency on interpreters. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of success do high school Deaf graduates have?

Varies with a 29% overall dropout rate. Signup and view all the answers

Why do hearing parents hesitate about enrolling their Deaf child in a residential school?

They are concerned about sending their young child to boarding school. Signup and view all the answers

What advantages do progressive residential schools such as CSD Fremont and CSD Riverside offer?

Signup and view all the answers

What educational opportunities appeared in the 1970s-1990s?

Interpreter Education Programs Signup and view all the answers

Write the name of a national organization for interpreters.

The National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) Signup and view all the answers

How many interpreter graduates enter the education field?

Over 1/3 become educational interpreters. Signup and view all the answers

Contrast the academic achievement of the Deaf children of Deaf parents (DOD) with that of the Deaf children of hearing parents (DOH).

Deaf children of Deaf parents generally perform better academically. Signup and view all the answers

List additional facts about DOD.

They may have fewer additional disabilities compared to hearing parents' Deaf children. Signup and view all the answers

What is MCE and its significance?

Manually Coded English, which adapts ASL vocabulary to English word order. Signup and view all the answers

How do most DHH teachers communicate in the classroom?

Total Communication, using simultaneous speech and sign. Signup and view all the answers

Know all the communication methods by name and functions.

Signup and view all the answers

What is surprising about the academic progress over the last 125 years?

Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying problem with MCE?

Signup and view all the answers

Why do most Deaf children arrive unprepared in school?

Signup and view all the answers

How do the best readers overcome the English literacy challenge?

They master the system of elements that make up English words. Signup and view all the answers

Find out how often the DHH teachers interact with Deaf people outside the school.

Only one in five hearing teachers in residential schools reports any social interaction with Deaf adults. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Deaf Education Overview

Formal Deaf education began in France.
French Sign Language (LSF) significantly influenced many signed languages, including American Sign Language (ASL).
Abbé de l'Epée established the world's first public school for Deaf children in Paris in the 1760s.

Notable Figures

Ferdinand Berthier, a Deaf individual born in France, excelled academically and later became a head teacher. He founded the Comité des Sourds-Muets and served in the National Assembly, earning the Legion of Honor.

Deaf Community in France

The Deaf community faced initial struggles with advocates for LSF versus spoken French but ultimately gained recognition and pride through activism.
Sweden promotes cultural pluralism, including Deaf culture, with government policies supporting minority languages.

Deaf Population and Education in Sweden

Sweden has a general population of around 9 million, with approximately 9,000 Deaf individuals.
Deaf students in bilingual Swedish classes achieve reading and math levels comparable to hearing peers.
Mainstreaming programs for Deaf children lack support, and many Deaf Swedes do not view themselves as disabled.

Legislative Developments

In 1988, the European Parliament urged member states to promote and preserve signed languages.
The World Federation of the Deaf advocates for Deaf language and culture post-Congress of Milan.

Challenges for Deaf Individuals

Many Deaf students are prepared for non-professional jobs. Post-school employment often leads to underemployment.
Approximately 80% of Deaf individuals globally reside in developing nations, where rights violations are prevalent.

Education Rights and Dilemmas

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) mandates free and appropriate education for disabled children from age 3.
The "Disability Dilemma" arises as Deaf culture does not perceive being Deaf as a disability, creating tension with legal frameworks focused on disability rights.

Early Childhood Services

Early intervention services for Deaf infants are limited due to low incidence rates of hearing loss in the general population.
Publicly funded early intervention programs exist for older Deaf children, but workforce training for specialized staff remains inadequate.

Communication Methods

Total Communication combines speech and sign language, with Manually Coded English (MCE) using ASL signs arranged in English order.
Misunderstandings arise as many hearing teachers lack proficiency in ASL, posing challenges in communication with Deaf students.

Residential vs. Mainstream Schools

Historically, 80% of Deaf children attended residential schools; current estimates suggest only 30% remain.
Residential schools excel in socialization and vocational training, but there is significant pressure for mainstreaming, which Deaf communities see as less inclusive.

Academic Outcomes

Deaf children of Deaf parents (DOD) generally outperform hearing-parented Deaf children (DOH) academically, indicating the advantage of a strong linguistic foundation.
The dropout rate for Deaf students is concerning, reflecting disparate educational experiences and programming.

Teacher-Student Dynamics

Deaf teachers tend to have a more effective teaching style, leading to better engagement and comprehension among Deaf students.
Hearing teachers often struggle with communication due to language differences, affecting the overall educational experience.

Future Directions

Interpreter education programs gained prominence from the 1970s to the 1990s, improving support for Deaf students in educational settings.
Ongoing discussions about the best educational models continue, considering the needs of Deaf students and the importance of cultural identity.### Deaf Education Progress and Language Learning
Deaf students average one grade level of academic achievement in four years of high school.
American Sign Language (ASL) is recognized as a natural, rule-governed language that aids Deaf children in learning English.

Benefits of Bilingual Education

Bilingual education shows clear advantages in various academic areas, demonstrating better outcomes in reading, language skills, and overall achievement.
Literacy development in a child's primary language supports skills applicable in learning a second language.

Impact of ASL on Self-Esteem and Academic Success

Using ASL as the primary language fosters self-esteem and emotional adjustment in Deaf students.
Bilingual/bicultural education can lower dropout rates and improve post-school employment opportunities.

Opponents of ASL in Schools

Critics argue that rejecting a minority's language in education symbolizes oppression and can lead to student disengagement.
The integration of language rights in education is crucial for political and economic well-being of minority groups.

Approach to Bilingual Education

Successful bilingual education requires teachers to be proficient in ASL and knowledgeable about its structure.
Systematic training is essential to prevent reliance on English-based instruction in bilingual settings.

Natural vs. Artificial Language Systems

Creating visual representations of natural spoken English has not succeeded in enhancing English fluency and literacy in Deaf children.
Over a century of focusing primarily on spoken language has led to inadequate educational outcomes for many Deaf students.

Principles for Bilingual/Bicultural Success

Key principles include respect for language, integration of cultural heritage, and development of metalinguistic awareness across languages.
Strategies for transferring skills from one language to another are fundamental to effective teaching.

Parent Involvement in ASL Learning

Deaf professionals can assist parents in learning ASL to improve communication with their Deaf children.
Regular interactions in ASL serve as immediate modeling for children and can enhance language acquisition.

Barriers to ASL Adoption

Guides for parents of Deaf children often advise against using ASL, citing its perceived difficulty for hearing parents.

Research on English Signing Systems

There is no evidence to support the effectiveness of invented English signing systems in teaching Deaf children.
ASL is preferred for its natural language structure and proven benefits in education.

Importance of Reading to Children

Reading to children, regardless of hearing ability, significantly improves their reading skills.

Goals of Bilingual/Bicultural Programs

These programs aim to equip students with linguistic and cultural tools for navigating both Deaf and hearing worlds, enhancing independence and future choices.

Educational Accountability

Failing to educate Deaf children adequately has serious consequences in a technology-driven job market requiring higher education.
The decline in entry-level jobs suitable for high school graduates increases the urgency for effective Deaf education.

Collaboration for Deaf Education Programs

Limited Deaf student populations often lead to collaborative programs between neighboring school districts to enhance educational offerings.
A larger student pool is necessary for the success of programs targeted at Deaf students.

Self-Contained Classes vs. Full Inclusion

Further details on self-contained day classes and full inclusion approaches in Deaf education are pending.

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Description

This quiz explores key historical facts about Deaf education, including its origins in France and the influence of French Sign Language. Test your knowledge on the pioneers and developments that shaped the education of Deaf children.