Questions and Answers
What is the startling discovery regarding professional growth in Deaf education?
There is no other field where the instructors or professionals learn the language of instruction from the students they teach.
How are the DHH teachers' comprehension skills?
Since so few hearing teachers are able to understand older deaf students and deaf adults well enough to carry on a substantial conversation, Deaf people often adjust their signing to accommodate the hearing person.
Why do Deaf teachers do well in the DHH classroom?
Deaf teachers enhance the attention deaf students pay to classroom instruction and are better at keeping attention focused on a topic.
Why do principals tend to place Deaf teachers in high school classes?
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How far does the average Deaf student progress in four years of high school studies?
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What is the best chance to learn English for a Deaf child?
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What does the evidence show that bilingual education can be a successful model?
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Who make the best readers of English in bilingual education?
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What will become of Deaf students if they use ASL as the primary language in school?
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Cite the opponents' views on ASL if it is allowed to take place in school.
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Cite further proof for trying ASL to boost academic success of Deaf students.
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What do teachers need to make bilingual education work as designed?
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Has the spoken language for the past 150 years delivered English language fluency and literacy in Deaf children?
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What six principles need to be acted upon for bilingual/bicultural success for Deaf students?
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How can parents learn ASL and interact with Deaf adults?
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Why have parents not had a chance to try ASL at home?
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Have research studies proved benefits for using the invented English signing system?
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Why is reading a book to a child important?
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The basic goal of bilingual and bicultural program is to provide them with a ______________.
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Why can't we afford to fail a child, Deaf or hearing, educationally?
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The vast majority of school districts have a small Deaf student population. What solution do they find to increase such the population?
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What is a self-contained day class and full inclusion?
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Where did the formal Deaf education for any Deaf children get started?
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How much has LSF influenced other signed languages?
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Who started the world's first public school for Deaf children and where?
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What is the life story of Ferdinand Berthier?
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What is the good and bad news about the Deaf community in France?
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Why is Sweden different from France?
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What are the general and Deaf populations in Sweden?
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What are the academic accomplishments for Deaf Swedes?
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How is the mainstreaming concept performing for Swedish children?
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Do Deaf Swedes consider themselves disabled?
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What kind of breakthrough occurred for Deaf Europeans in 1988?
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What are the job prospects available to Deaf Europeans?
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What does WFD stand for and what is its primary role?
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Where do eighty percent of Deaf people in the world live?
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Why is Andrew Foster considered a hero in Deaf America and Deaf Africa?
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What kind of life do the Deaf live in the developing world?
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What is the conflict between the hearing world and the Deaf world?
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What is the typical experience Deaf adults have with speech therapy?
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What is the parents' fear about communication success for their Deaf child?
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What is the supporters' argument for ASL?
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What experience do Deaf individuals have with their hearing family during dinner?
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What do many Deaf mainstreamed students feel about their social life in public school?
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What kind of transformations do Deaf students experience at Gallaudet University and NTID?
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What is the goal of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)?
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At what age can a child with a disability start formal education?
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What are two problems with the IDEA law for a Deaf child?
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Define the Disability Dilemma.
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How widespread are the services and resources available for a Deaf child in the first three years of life?
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What about the next three years between the ages of 3 and 6?
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What is the two-word name for providing educational services to infants and toddlers up to 3 years of age?
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What is the three-word name for spelling out what educational services will be provided to a child with a disability?
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Do most elementary and middle school teachers know ASL?
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When did the communication model change from oral instruction to the combined method of speech and sign?
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What problem did the authors cite regarding academic levels in residential schools?
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What advantage do residential schools offer that most mainstream programs don't?
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What are the other advantages of residential schools?
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Why do the Deaf make up only seven percent of the teaching staff?
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How do most residential school graduates feel about their self-esteem?
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Prior to the 1960s, eighty percent of Deaf children were enrolled in residential schools. What is the current estimate?
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What caused the big drop in residential school enrollment?
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Hearing professionals and parents see local public schools as the least restrictive environment. What is our perspective?
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Do most residential students live in the dorm?
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What is the most common school environment for elementary-age Deaf students?
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Do mainstreaming programs offer extracurricular activities to Deaf students?
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What is a resource room for Deaf students?
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What is our perspective on full inclusion in public schools?
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What kind of success do high school Deaf graduates have?
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Why do hearing parents hesitate about enrolling their Deaf child in a residential school?
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What advantages do progressive residential schools such as CSD Fremont and CSD Riverside offer?
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What educational opportunities appeared in the 1970s-1990s?
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Write the name of a national organization for interpreters.
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How many interpreter graduates enter the education field?
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Contrast the academic achievement of the Deaf children of Deaf parents (DOD) with that of the Deaf children of hearing parents (DOH).
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List additional facts about DOD.
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What is MCE and its significance?
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How do most DHH teachers communicate in the classroom?
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Know all the communication methods by name and functions.
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What is surprising about the academic progress over the last 125 years?
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What is the underlying problem with MCE?
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Why do most Deaf children arrive unprepared in school?
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How do the best readers overcome the English literacy challenge?
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Find out how often the DHH teachers interact with Deaf people outside the school.
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Study Notes
Deaf Education Overview
- Formal Deaf education began in France.
- French Sign Language (LSF) significantly influenced many signed languages, including American Sign Language (ASL).
- Abbé de l'Epée established the world's first public school for Deaf children in Paris in the 1760s.
Notable Figures
- Ferdinand Berthier, a Deaf individual born in France, excelled academically and later became a head teacher. He founded the Comité des Sourds-Muets and served in the National Assembly, earning the Legion of Honor.
Deaf Community in France
- The Deaf community faced initial struggles with advocates for LSF versus spoken French but ultimately gained recognition and pride through activism.
- Sweden promotes cultural pluralism, including Deaf culture, with government policies supporting minority languages.
Deaf Population and Education in Sweden
- Sweden has a general population of around 9 million, with approximately 9,000 Deaf individuals.
- Deaf students in bilingual Swedish classes achieve reading and math levels comparable to hearing peers.
- Mainstreaming programs for Deaf children lack support, and many Deaf Swedes do not view themselves as disabled.
Legislative Developments
- In 1988, the European Parliament urged member states to promote and preserve signed languages.
- The World Federation of the Deaf advocates for Deaf language and culture post-Congress of Milan.
Challenges for Deaf Individuals
- Many Deaf students are prepared for non-professional jobs. Post-school employment often leads to underemployment.
- Approximately 80% of Deaf individuals globally reside in developing nations, where rights violations are prevalent.
Education Rights and Dilemmas
- The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) mandates free and appropriate education for disabled children from age 3.
- The "Disability Dilemma" arises as Deaf culture does not perceive being Deaf as a disability, creating tension with legal frameworks focused on disability rights.
Early Childhood Services
- Early intervention services for Deaf infants are limited due to low incidence rates of hearing loss in the general population.
- Publicly funded early intervention programs exist for older Deaf children, but workforce training for specialized staff remains inadequate.
Communication Methods
- Total Communication combines speech and sign language, with Manually Coded English (MCE) using ASL signs arranged in English order.
- Misunderstandings arise as many hearing teachers lack proficiency in ASL, posing challenges in communication with Deaf students.
Residential vs. Mainstream Schools
- Historically, 80% of Deaf children attended residential schools; current estimates suggest only 30% remain.
- Residential schools excel in socialization and vocational training, but there is significant pressure for mainstreaming, which Deaf communities see as less inclusive.
Academic Outcomes
- Deaf children of Deaf parents (DOD) generally outperform hearing-parented Deaf children (DOH) academically, indicating the advantage of a strong linguistic foundation.
- The dropout rate for Deaf students is concerning, reflecting disparate educational experiences and programming.
Teacher-Student Dynamics
- Deaf teachers tend to have a more effective teaching style, leading to better engagement and comprehension among Deaf students.
- Hearing teachers often struggle with communication due to language differences, affecting the overall educational experience.
Future Directions
- Interpreter education programs gained prominence from the 1970s to the 1990s, improving support for Deaf students in educational settings.
- Ongoing discussions about the best educational models continue, considering the needs of Deaf students and the importance of cultural identity.### Deaf Education Progress and Language Learning
- Deaf students average one grade level of academic achievement in four years of high school.
- American Sign Language (ASL) is recognized as a natural, rule-governed language that aids Deaf children in learning English.
Benefits of Bilingual Education
- Bilingual education shows clear advantages in various academic areas, demonstrating better outcomes in reading, language skills, and overall achievement.
- Literacy development in a child's primary language supports skills applicable in learning a second language.
Impact of ASL on Self-Esteem and Academic Success
- Using ASL as the primary language fosters self-esteem and emotional adjustment in Deaf students.
- Bilingual/bicultural education can lower dropout rates and improve post-school employment opportunities.
Opponents of ASL in Schools
- Critics argue that rejecting a minority's language in education symbolizes oppression and can lead to student disengagement.
- The integration of language rights in education is crucial for political and economic well-being of minority groups.
Approach to Bilingual Education
- Successful bilingual education requires teachers to be proficient in ASL and knowledgeable about its structure.
- Systematic training is essential to prevent reliance on English-based instruction in bilingual settings.
Natural vs. Artificial Language Systems
- Creating visual representations of natural spoken English has not succeeded in enhancing English fluency and literacy in Deaf children.
- Over a century of focusing primarily on spoken language has led to inadequate educational outcomes for many Deaf students.
Principles for Bilingual/Bicultural Success
- Key principles include respect for language, integration of cultural heritage, and development of metalinguistic awareness across languages.
- Strategies for transferring skills from one language to another are fundamental to effective teaching.
Parent Involvement in ASL Learning
- Deaf professionals can assist parents in learning ASL to improve communication with their Deaf children.
- Regular interactions in ASL serve as immediate modeling for children and can enhance language acquisition.
Barriers to ASL Adoption
- Guides for parents of Deaf children often advise against using ASL, citing its perceived difficulty for hearing parents.
Research on English Signing Systems
- There is no evidence to support the effectiveness of invented English signing systems in teaching Deaf children.
- ASL is preferred for its natural language structure and proven benefits in education.
Importance of Reading to Children
- Reading to children, regardless of hearing ability, significantly improves their reading skills.
Goals of Bilingual/Bicultural Programs
- These programs aim to equip students with linguistic and cultural tools for navigating both Deaf and hearing worlds, enhancing independence and future choices.
Educational Accountability
- Failing to educate Deaf children adequately has serious consequences in a technology-driven job market requiring higher education.
- The decline in entry-level jobs suitable for high school graduates increases the urgency for effective Deaf education.
Collaboration for Deaf Education Programs
- Limited Deaf student populations often lead to collaborative programs between neighboring school districts to enhance educational offerings.
- A larger student pool is necessary for the success of programs targeted at Deaf students.
Self-Contained Classes vs. Full Inclusion
- Further details on self-contained day classes and full inclusion approaches in Deaf education are pending.
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Description
This quiz explores key historical facts about Deaf education, including its origins in France and the influence of French Sign Language. Test your knowledge on the pioneers and developments that shaped the education of Deaf children.