ch 11

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Questions and Answers

Which Big Five factor tends to increase from young adulthood into middle age?

Conscientiousness (correct)

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

Extroversion

At what age range does agreeableness typically peak?

50 to 70 years (correct)

70 to 80 years

40 to 50 years

30 to 40 years

Which of the following traits represents the 'E' in the HEXACO model?

Equanimity

Extraversion

Emotionality (correct)

Engagement

How do neuroticism and extroversion change as individuals age?

Both decline slightly Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is NOT part of the HEXACO model?

Creativity Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant factor that shapes a person's personality?

Cultural influences Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is included under the trait of conscientiousness in the HEXACO model?

Thoroughness Signup and view all the answers

What method is not typically used for transmitting culture?

Genetic inheritance Signup and view all the answers

What personality trait is associated with being supportive and outgoing?

Warmth Signup and view all the answers

Which trait is characterized by being apprehensive rather than confident?

Anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What describes individuals who are imaginative rather than conventional?

Abstractness Signup and view all the answers

Which personality factor includes traits such as being controlling and dominant?

Aggressiveness Signup and view all the answers

Which trait is likely to describe a person who is organization-focused and precise?

Perfectionism Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of individuals with high social assertiveness?

Outgoing and bold Signup and view all the answers

What describes the tendency to be moody or irritable?

Emotional stability Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is likely linked to being curious and experimental?

Open-mindedness Signup and view all the answers

What are the two dimensions of temperament that are important for adult personality?

Reactivity and self-regulation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following personality traits is considered a cardinal trait?

Greed Signup and view all the answers

Which temperament category did Thomas and Chess identify that describes a baby who has a hard time adjusting to new experiences?

Difficult Signup and view all the answers

According to trait theorists, which of the following best describes personality?

A collection of different traits that characterize behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which approach did Gordon Allport use to categorize personality traits?

Categorization into cardinal, central, and secondary traits Signup and view all the answers

How can environmental factors influence a child's personality development?

Through direct interaction and experiences Signup and view all the answers

What does self-regulation refer to in the context of temperament?

The ability to control one's emotional reactions Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'reciprocal determinism' refer to?

The interaction between cognitive processes, behavior, and context. Signup and view all the answers

Which trait is considered a central trait in Allport's categorization?

Agreeableness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aspects is NOT a component of reciprocal determinism?

Genetic predisposition Signup and view all the answers

How does Bandura's concept of observational learning operate?

By observing others' behaviors and their consequences. Signup and view all the answers

What influences whether a person chooses to imitate a model's behavior according to Bandura?

Whether the model is punished or reinforced. Signup and view all the answers

In the example of bungee jumping discussed in the context of reciprocal determinism, what does 'context' refer to?

The rewarding or punishing stimuli surrounding the activity. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes how Bandura viewed the development of personality?

It is influenced by observational learning and social context. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of Bandura's theory compared to Skinner's perspective?

Cognitive processes play a crucial role in behavior. Signup and view all the answers

According to Bandura, what behavior do individuals learn through observational learning?

What behaviors are culturally acceptable or socially punished. Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for assessors to interpret psychological test responses with minimal bias when working with Native Americans?

A detailed understanding of tribal-specific contexts Signup and view all the answers

Which approach tests Western ideas about personality in other cultures to check for cultural validity?

Cultural-comparative approach Signup and view all the answers

What has the indigenous approach to personality assessment primarily reacted against?

The predominance of Western approaches in non-Western settings Signup and view all the answers

What benefit does the combined approach provide in the study of personality?

It helps understand both universal and cultural variations in personality Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of personality assessment is highlighted by Dana (1986) regarding Native Americans?

Cultural context is often overlooked in assessments Signup and view all the answers

Why are Western-based personality assessments considered inadequate for other cultures?

They can’t fully capture the personality constructs of other cultures Signup and view all the answers

What is one type of test used to assess personality mentioned in the content?

Self-report inventories Signup and view all the answers

What did researchers find regarding the universality of McCrae and Costa’s Big Five factors?

They are universally applicable across numerous cultures Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of projective tests compared to self-report inventories?

They are less susceptible to intentional distortion. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following projective tests is associated with Hermann Rorschach?

Rorschach Inkblot Test Signup and view all the answers

How is the Rorschach Inkblot Test commonly administered?

Using symmetrical inkblot cards and asking what the client sees. Signup and view all the answers

What psychological aspects can the Rorschach Inkblot Test be effective in measuring?

Depression, psychosis, and anxiety. Signup and view all the answers

Who were the creators of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan. Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

It tends to be low on validity and reliability. Signup and view all the answers

What type of information do projective tests like the TAT aim to reveal?

Unconscious feelings and personal struggles. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of projective tests compared to standardized tests?

They require subjective interpretation by the evaluator. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Personality

Refers to long-standing traits and patterns that consistently influence how people think, feel, and behave.
Makes individuals unique.
Involves enduring characteristics and how they interact with others and the world.
Considered long-term, stable, and not easily changed.
The word "personality" comes from the Latin word "persona," which, in ancient times, was a mask worn by actors to represent or project a specific personality trait.

Historical Perspectives

Concept of personality studied for at least 2,000 years, starting with Hippocrates (370 BCE).
Hippocrates theorized personality traits and behaviors are based on four temperaments associated with bodily fluids (choleric, melancholic, sanguine, phlegmatic).
Galen expanded on Hippocrates' theory, linking personality to imbalances in these fluids.
Phrenology (measuring skull bumps) was a popular but discredited theory, proposing that these distances reveal personality traits.
Immanuel Kant and Wilhelm Wundt contributed to temperament theory.
Wundt suggested two main axes: emotional/nonemotional and changeable/unchangeable.

Sigmund Freud's Psychodynamic Perspective

First comprehensive theory of personality.
Freud proposed that unconscious drives (influenced by sex and aggression) and childhood sexuality shape personality.
His theory emphasized unconscious processes and early childhood experiences.
Introduced the concept of levels of consciousness (conscious, preconscious, unconscious).
Proposed defense mechanisms (unconscious protective behaviors that reduce anxiety), like denial, displacement, and projection.

Stages of Psychosexual Development

Freud believed personality develops through childhood stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital).
Each stage is marked by a specific erogenous zone.
Fixation during a stage influences adult personality.

Levels of Consciousness

Conscious: Aware thoughts and feelings.
Unconscious: Unaware thoughts and feelings, motivations, memories.

Defense Mechanisms

Unconscious processes used to reduce anxiety.
Common defenses: denial, displacement, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, regression, repression, sublimation.

Other Perspectives

Humanistic: Focuses on the potential for self-realization and the importance of individual choices.
Maslow: Proposed a hierarchy of needs, including self-actualization as the highest need.
Rogers: Emphasized self-concept (real self vs. ideal self) and the importance of unconditional positive regard.
Behavioral: Focus on observable behaviors and how they are learned through reinforcement/punishment.
Skinner: Behavior is learned through environmental interactions.
Social Cognitive: Emphasizes observational learning, self-efficacy beliefs, and reciprocal determinism.
Bandura: Observational learning and self-efficacy are key determinants of behavior.
Reciprocal determinism: Interplay between behavior, personal factors, and situational factors.
Self-efficacy: Beliefs about one's ability to succeed in specific situations.
Julian Rotter: Proposed locus of control (internal vs. external).
Walter Mischel: Questioned the consistency of personality traits across situations and proposed the concept of self-regulation to emphasize that individuals can control their behavior in certain situations.
Carl Jung: Emphasized the collective unconscious and the concept of archetypes.

Trait Theories

Assume personality consists of various traits.
Cattell: Developed a 16-factor personality model to understand individual differences.
Five Factor Model (FFM): Includes factors like openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (OCEAN).
Different traits are expressed to varying degrees in individuals.
Temperament: inborn, genetically-based predisposition to behave in certain ways. This is observed in early childhood.

Cultural Influences

Individualistic cultures value independence and achievement.
Collectivist cultures value interdependence and group harmony.
Both cultural and biological factors influence personality development.
Regional personality differences exist within cultures.

Assessment Methods

Self-report inventories: Questionnaires used to assess personality (e.g., MMPI).
Projective tests: Assess unconscious processes through ambiguous stimuli (e.g., Rorschach, TAT).

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Description

Test your knowledge on personality psychology with this quiz focused on the Big Five and HEXACO models. Explore concepts like agreeableness, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and other key traits. Perfect for students of psychology or anyone interested in understanding personality development.