Personality Trait Theories and Models
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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of low neuroticism?

  • High emotional stability (correct)
  • Low levels of consciousness
  • High psychoticism
  • Dominance in social interactions

Which of the following is an aspect emphasized in Wiggins's taxonomy?

  • Interpersonal traits (correct)
  • Emotional stability
  • Psychoticism
  • Introversion

What does the acronym OCEAN stand for in the Five Factor Taxonomy?

  • Optimism, Cooperation, Extraversion, Acceptance, Neuroticism
  • Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (correct)
  • Ornamentation, Conscientiousness, Empathy, Assertiveness, Neuroticism
  • Openness, Creativity, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Novelty

Which trait is correlated with the facets of hardworking, productive, and determined?

<p>Conscientiousness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is used in the Big Five taxonomy to identify intercorrelated data?

<p>Factor analysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dimension is NOT included in the Five Factor Taxonomy?

<p>Spirituality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the lexical hypothesis in personality taxonomy refer to?

<p>Using words to measure personality traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does factor A and factor B in Digman's model primarily relate to?

<p>Socialization and personal growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the nomothetic view of personality suggest about traits?

<p>All individuals can be scored on the same traits universally. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of Eysenck's proposed trait dimensions?

<p>Agreeableness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Eysenck's taxonomy, which term describes individuals with low extroversion and high neuroticism?

<p>Melancholic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with high extraversion?

<p>Sociable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'taxonomies' refer to in trait theories?

<p>A classification system for organizing traits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is associated with low neuroticism?

<p>Careful (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to trait theories, how are traits best described?

<p>As descriptive summaries of behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which temperament is described as low in extraversion and low in neuroticism?

<p>Phlegmatic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Eysenck's trait dimensions, what does high psychoticism indicate?

<p>Aggressive and changeable behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a trait thermometer, as proposed in trait theories, aim to measure?

<p>The extent of various personality traits in individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Trait Theories

Personality theories that describe individuals using a set of stable characteristics called traits.

Trait

A characteristic or quality that is relatively stable over time and across situations.

Taxonomy of Traits

A system for classifying different types of traits, similar to how the periodic table classifies chemical elements.

Nomothetic View of Personality

A view of personality that emphasizes universal traits shared by everyone.

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Ideographic View of Personality

An approach that focuses on understanding the unique characteristics of each individual.

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Eysenck's Taxonomy

A prominent trait theory proposed by Hans Eysenck, suggesting three key dimensions: extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism.

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Extraversion

A dimension of personality characterized by sociability, assertiveness, and excitement-seeking.

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Neuroticism

A dimension of personality characterized by emotional instability, anxiety, and worry.

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Psychoticism

A dimension of personality characterized by impulsivity, aggression, and lack of empathy.

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Body Humors Theory

A historical perspective on personality rooted in the belief that bodily fluids (humors) influence temperament.

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Wiggins's Taxonomy

A taxonomy of personality traits that emphasizes interpersonal traits and qualities, proposing two key dimensions: Dominance and Love.

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Five Factor Taxonomy (Big Five)

The dominant theory in personality psychology today, identifying five core personality traits: Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (OCEAN).

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Factor Analysis

A statistical method used in personality research to identify underlying patterns and relationships in personality traits by examining how different traits correlate with each other.

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Lexical Hypothesis

The idea that language reflects the most important individual differences, and therefore, analyzing common words in a language can reveal underlying personality dimensions.

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Structured Self-Report Items

A research approach where participants are asked to rate themselves on a series of statements, revealing their personality traits.

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Missing Dimensions in the Big Five

A criticism of the Big Five model suggesting that it excludes important personality dimensions such as spirituality, positive/negative evaluation, and interpersonal relatedness.

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Too Many Dimensions in the Big Five

A criticism of the Big Five model arguing that it includes more personality dimensions than necessary. Some argue that two underlying dimensions, Socialization and Personal Growth, could explain the observed five factors.

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Study Notes

Trait Theories

  • Trait theories describe personality as a constellation of traits, such as anxious, kind, or outgoing
  • These theories offer descriptive summaries of behaviors
  • Trait theories prioritize a nomothetic view of personality, meaning traits are universal and have the same meaning for everyone.
  • In contrast, an ideographic view suggests traits have unique meanings for individuals

Taxonomies of Traits

  • A taxonomy is a classification system, like a periodic table in chemistry or biological classifications
  • Trait theorists have proposed various taxonomies for traits
  • Examples include the five-factor model (Big Five).

The Five-Factor Model (FFM)

  • The dominant contemporary personality taxonomy; the core five dimensional personality traits are universally accepted
  • Evolved over decades of research
  • Uses the lexical hypothesis where natural language is used to differentiate individuals.
  • Uses Factor analysis to identify inter-correlated data and simplifies it.
  • Examples of facets are imaginative, original, inventive, and hardworking.
  • The five major traits are Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (OCEAN).

Criticisms of the Five-Factor Model (FFM)

  • Excludes important dimensions like spirituality, humility, and interpersonal relatedness.
  • Needs more personality dimensions.
  • Does not provide insights into the dynamics of personality, only the dimensions.

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Description

This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of trait theories in psychology, focusing on the categorization of personality traits and the prominent five-factor model. It delves into the differences between nomothetic and ideographic views, as well as how traits can be classified using various taxonomies. Test your understanding of these essential theories and their implications for personality assessment.

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