Personality Research & Science Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the significance of the diathesis-stress model in understanding psychopathology?

  • It dismisses the importance of personal predispositions in psychological issues.
  • It emphasizes the role of genetics alone in mental health.
  • It suggests that environmental factors have no impact on mental disorders.
  • It focuses on the interaction between genetic vulnerability and environmental stress. (correct)

    • What role does empirical observation play in psychological science according to personality research?

  • It is secondary to logical reasoning in developing theories.
  • It can be ignored in favor of personal beliefs.
  • It is essential for validating theoretical claims and hypotheses. (correct)
  • It provides anecdotal evidence that supports any theory.

    • What is a potential downside of self-report questionnaires in personality assessment?

  • They can be affected by biases, deception, and lack of insight. (correct)
  • They provide an objective measure of personality traits.
  • They require extensive time for completion and analysis.
  • They are always accurate due to standardized formats.

    • What is a characteristic feature of projective tests in personality assessment?

    <p>They use ambiguous stimuli to assess personal interpretations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes correlation designs in research?

    <p>They have no random allocation to treatment and control groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often a limitation of correlation studies regarding personality and infectious diseases?

    <p>They often fail to demonstrate a clear temporal sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a critical aspect of logical criticism in personality research?

    <p>Testing the logical coherence and assumptions of theories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the finding related to the correlation between personality and disease in the data from the 1940s?

    <p>It showed a strong relationship with historical disease data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenges do researchers face when analyzing correlation designs?

    <p>Determining if variables are non-spurious.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about personality differences and disease prevalence is generally true?

    <p>Modern personality traits are highly correlated with past disease occurrences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with personality disorders?

    <p>Temporary emotional disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cluster of personality disorders includes individuals who often appear odd or eccentric?

    <p>Cluster A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reason for the failure of the categorical model of personality disorders?

    <p>Extensive co-occurrence of personality disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality disorder is considered to often appear dramatic, emotional, or erratic?

    <p>Borderline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common diagnosis in the context of personality disorders?

    <p>Personality Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PD NOS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which traits are associated with Cluster C personality disorders?

    <p>Anxious or fearful behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a personality disorder from Cluster B?

    <p>Histrionic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following areas have increases been observed over the last 50 years?

    <p>Neuroticism and Extraversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is linked to a tendency for denial and ineffective coping?

    <p>Neuroticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does repressive defensiveness imply about an individual's emotional coping?

    <p>It may have negative long-term effects on health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the most important personality predictors mentioned in the content?

    <p>Control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of reliability in personality assessment?

    <p>Consistency across different components of the test.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does personality affect coping strategies according to Diener et al.?

    <p>Personality predisposes individuals to different coping strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about dreaming is accurate?

    <p>Vivid dreaming can happen prior to REM sleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect is NOT considered a type of validity in personality assessments?

    <p>Internal consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does damage to the mesolimbic-mesocortical dopamine pathway have on dreaming?

    <p>It causes complete cessation of dreaming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Pauls (2007), how do repressors typically report their life satisfaction?

    <p>Highest scores in life satisfaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of reliability ensures consistency across different scorers?

    <p>Inter-rater reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did prefrontal lobotomies affect individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>They reduced psychotic symptoms and ceased dreaming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does dopamine play in the context of dreaming?

    <p>It motivates individuals to fulfill desires expressed in dreams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which emotional systems, according to Jaak Panksepp, includes the appetitive foraging system?

    <p>Seeking system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of drug addiction, what does the Freudian Theory suggest regarding drug dreams?

    <p>Withdrawn addicts should dream about taking drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the lexicon hypothesis in trait theory propose?

    <p>Traits can be identified through language use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the nomothetic approach, personality traits are viewed as:

    <p>Dimensions that can be quantified.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of neuropsychoanalysis?

    <p>To link psychoanalytic concepts to neuroscience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a notable contribution of Gordon Allport to personality psychology?

    <p>Introducing the idiographic vs nomothetic distinction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Personality Research & Science

    • Personality Traits are a disposition or tendency to act in meaningful consistent ways across time and situations.
    • Gordon Allport founded personality psychology at Harvard University.
    • Allport introduced the idiographic vs nomothetic distinction.
    • Idiographic approach focuses on unique individual traits such as cardinal, central, and secondary traits.
    • Nomothetic approach uses traits as dimensions, applying a quantitative perspective.

    Correlation Designs

    • Correlation designs have no random allocation to treatment and control groups.
    • It is difficult to impute causality with correlation designs.

    Methods of Assessment:

    • Case studies are in-depth studies of a single person, focusing on their personality characteristics.
    • Early examples include Phineas Gage, whose personality changed after a frontal lobe injury.
    • Self-report questionnaires involve true/false or Likert scale responses, which allows for fast data collection.
    • Projective Tests use ambiguous stimuli, with individual interpretations revealing aspects of their personality.

    Dreaming & Psychosis

    • Schizophrenia and lobotomies were researched from 1940-1975.
    • Prefrontal lobotomies aimed to reduce psychotic symptoms.

    Neuropsychoanalysis of Dreams

    • The mesolimbic-mesocortical dopamine pathway is essential for dreaming.
    • Damage to the pathway leads to a cessation of dreaming, despite the continuation of REM sleep.
    • Antipsychotics that block dopamine inhibit dreaming.
    • Chemical dopamine stimulation increases the frequency and vividness of dreams.

    The Role of Dopamine

    • Dopamine plays a role in motivation and reward.
    • Damage to the dopamine pathway is associated with a reduction in motivated behaviour.

    Affective Neuroscience

    • Jaak Panksepp identified 7 subcortical ‘basic emotional command systems’.
    • SEEKING is associated with the mesolimbic-mesocortical dopamine pathway.

    Drug Dreams and Freudian Theory

    • Drugs of addiction hijack the brain’s natural reward system.
    • Freudian Theory suggests drug addicts should dream of taking drugs during withdrawal.

    The Emergence of Neuropsychoanalysis

    • Neuropsychoanalysis seeks to bridge the gap between psychoanalysis and neuroscience.
    • Subjective data alone is not deemed sufficient for a science of psychoanalysis.
    • Neuropsychoanalysis focuses on the study of instinctual-emotional brain networks.

    Trait Approaches

    • The lexical hypothesis suggests that traits can be identified through language, utilizing factor analysis.

    Personality Theories

    • The Big Five personality traits:
      • Openness to Experience (O)
      • Conscientiousness (C)
      • Extraversion (E)
      • Agreeableness (A)
      • Neuroticism (N)
    • Personality disorders are enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, acting, and relating that are culturally deviant, pervasive and inflexible, and lead to distress or social impairment.
    • Cluster A personality disorders include Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal, and individuals with these disorders often appear odd or eccentric.
    • Cluster B personality disorders include Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic, and individuals with these disorders often appear dramatic, emotional, or erratic.
    • Cluster C personality disorders include Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-compulsive, and individuals with these disorders often appear anxious or fearful.
    • The categorical model of personality disorders is based on qualitatively distinct clinical syndromes.
    • The disease model and PD categories have been challenged due to the extensive co-occurrence of PDs, heterogeneity, and the significant number of diagnoses with Personality Disorder NOS.

    Personality and SWB

    • Repressive defensiveness is a personality factor with mixed findings regarding its relationship with SWB (Subjective Well-Being).

    Personality and Adapting Situations

    • Personality influences individuals’ coping strategies in response to life challenges.

    Personality & Assessment Theory

    • Personality assessment is used in various fields including organizational psychology, counselling, and clinical settings.
    • Reliability and validity are essential psychometric components for a good personality assessment tool.
    • Reliability measures the consistency of the assessment.
    • Validity measures whether a test assesses what it intends to assess.

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    PSYU2234 Social & Personality Psych Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the foundations of personality psychology, including key figures like Gordon Allport and the distinction between idiographic and nomothetic approaches. This quiz covers various methods of personality assessment, such as case studies and self-report questionnaires, and discusses the implications of correlation designs in research.

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