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Personality Psychology Week 1
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Personality Psychology Week 1

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Questions and Answers

What is the core assumption of biological approaches to personality?

  • Humans are collections of biological systems. (correct)
  • Humans are collections of environmental systems.
  • Humans are collections of psychological systems.
  • Humans are collections of social systems.

    • What is the focus of psychophysiology of personality?

  • The relationship between biological systems and personality. (correct)
  • The influence of cultural factors on personality.
  • The impact of cognitive processes on personality.
  • The role of social environment in personality development.

    • According to the biological approach, what provides the building blocks for behavior, thought, and emotion?

  • Psychological systems
  • Environmental systems
  • Social systems
  • Biological systems (correct)

    • What is the primary concern of intrapsychic approaches to personality?

    <p>The mental mechanisms of personality operating outside conscious awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of personality in coping and adjustment, according to the content?

    <p>It plays a key role in how we cope, adapt, and adjust to events in daily life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of theory in personality research?

    <p>To serve as a guide for researchers and make predictions about behavior and psychological phenomena.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of evolutionary personality psychology?

    <p>The evolution of personality traits over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is personality, according to the content?

    <p>Something that you carry with you over time that is organized and relatively enduring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of idiographic approach in personality psychology?

    <p>Studying a single person's uniqueness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of personality psychology?

    <p>To identify and measure individual differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the set of psychological traits that describe ways in which people are different from each other?

    <p>Personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the nomothetic approach in personality psychology?

    <p>Comparing individual differences between groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of personality, including the mechanisms and traits that describe individual differences?

    <p>Mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the assumption underlying the study of personality in social and cultural contexts?

    <p>Personality is shaped by cultural and social contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the study of individual differences within cultures?

    <p>How personality plays out in different cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the concept of oneself, including one's feelings, beliefs, and desires?

    <p>Self-concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the study of human nature at the level of analysis?

    <p>The universal characteristics of human nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the long-term goals that individuals strive to meet?

    <p>Goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the cognitive-experiential approach in human nature?

    <p>Cognition and subjective experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of data is gathered through personality tests and self-reports?

    <p>Self-report data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of observer report data?

    <p>The data may be biased by the observer's perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using mechanical recording devices in personality research?

    <p>To reduce the influence of human observers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reliability refers to the correlation of scores between two parallel forms of a test?

    <p>Alternate forms reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of self-report data?

    <p>People may not respond honestly or may lack accurate self-knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using projective techniques in personality research?

    <p>They provide information about wishes, desires, and fantasies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factor that affects the reliability of a test?

    <p>The length of the test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using unstructured items in personality tests?

    <p>To allow participants to express themselves freely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a good personality test?

    <p>It has a high level of internal consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using multiple observers in assessing a person's personality?

    <p>It provides a more comprehensive view of the person's personality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of observation is more realistic but lacks control over events?

    <p>Naturalistic observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of personality measurement?

    <p>All sources of data have limitations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of using larger sample sizes in personality assessment?

    <p>It increases the reliability of the test.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of triangulation in personality assessment?

    <p>To compare results from different data sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of test questions in terms of reliability?

    <p>To see if different people behave differently in identical situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of validity that takes into account bias in testing?

    <p>Validity that takes bias into account</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of content validity?

    <p>Does the test measure what it purports to measure?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of validity assesses whether the test measures a specified psychological construct or trait?

    <p>Construct validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of life-outcome data (L-data)?

    <p>It provides important real-life information about personality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of correlational studies in research?

    <p>To identify the relationships between different variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern of criterion-related validity?

    <p>Whether the test scores correlate with a criterion or outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of case studies in research?

    <p>To study the behavior of a single subject in depth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern of predictive validity?

    <p>Whether the test is able to predict real-world outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of face validity?

    <p>Whether the test looks like it is measuring what it is supposed to measure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of concurrent validity?

    <p>Whether the test scores correlate with related measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Personality Psychology

    • Personality is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms that describe ways in which people are different from each other and influence their interactions with others.
    • Lay definition: personality refers to the distinctive character or qualities of a person that distinguish them from others.
    • Individual uniqueness can be studied nomothetically (statistical comparisons between groups) or ideographically (focuses on a single person).

    Domains of Knowledge

    • Dispositional: deals with ways in which individuals differ from one another, focusing on the number and nature of fundamental dispositions.
    • Biological: focuses on the biological systems that provide the building blocks for behavior, thought, and emotion.
    • Intrapysychic: deals with the mental mechanisms of personality, many of which operate outside conscious awareness.
    • Cognitive-experiential: focuses on cognition and subjective experience.
    • Social and cultural: assumes that personality affects and is affected by cultural and social contexts.

    Personality Theories

    • Theories serve as a guide for researchers and organize their findings.
    • Theories have several key purposes: making predictions about behavior and psychological phenomena, being comprehensive, testable, heuristic, and parsimonious.

    Levels of Personality Analysis

    • Human nature: how we are like all others, focusing on traits and mechanisms typical to our species.
    • Individual and group differences: how we are like some others, focusing on differences between individuals and groups.

    Sources of Personality Data

    • Self-report data (S-data): individuals have access to a wealth of information about themselves that is inaccessible to anyone else.
    • Observer report data (O-data): multiple observers can be used to assess a person, providing access to information not attainable through self-report.
    • Life-outcome data (L-data): serves as an important source of 'real-life' information about personality.
    • Physiological data: difficult to fake responses, but used in labs and may not reflect real-life situations.
    • Projective techniques: provide information about wishes, desires, and fantasies, but are difficult to score and have uncertain validity.

    Measurement Issues

    • Reliability: consistency of measurement, affected by factors such as test length, homogeneity of items, and test-retest interval.
    • Validity: does the test measure what it purports to measure, taking into account bias and content validity.

    Issues in Personality Assessment

    • Links among different data sources: results that replicate through triangulation are most powerful.
    • Fallibility of personality measurement: all sources of data have limitations.
    • Decisions about data source and research design depend on the purpose of the study.

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    Related Documents

    week-1-personality-intro-lecture.pdf

    Description

    Introduction to personality psychology, covering the basics of personality psychology. Part of University of South Australia's psychology course.

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