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Questions and Answers
What is the core assumption of biological approaches to personality?
What is the core assumption of biological approaches to personality?
- Humans are collections of biological systems. (correct)
- Humans are collections of environmental systems.
- Humans are collections of psychological systems.
- Humans are collections of social systems.
What is the focus of psychophysiology of personality?
What is the focus of psychophysiology of personality?
- The relationship between biological systems and personality. (correct)
- The influence of cultural factors on personality.
- The impact of cognitive processes on personality.
- The role of social environment in personality development.
According to the biological approach, what provides the building blocks for behavior, thought, and emotion?
According to the biological approach, what provides the building blocks for behavior, thought, and emotion?
- Psychological systems
- Environmental systems
- Social systems
- Biological systems (correct)
What is the primary concern of intrapsychic approaches to personality?
What is the primary concern of intrapsychic approaches to personality?
What is the role of personality in coping and adjustment, according to the content?
What is the role of personality in coping and adjustment, according to the content?
What is the purpose of theory in personality research?
What is the purpose of theory in personality research?
What is the focus of evolutionary personality psychology?
What is the focus of evolutionary personality psychology?
What is personality, according to the content?
What is personality, according to the content?
What is the focus of idiographic approach in personality psychology?
What is the focus of idiographic approach in personality psychology?
What is the primary goal of personality psychology?
What is the primary goal of personality psychology?
What is the term for the set of psychological traits that describe ways in which people are different from each other?
What is the term for the set of psychological traits that describe ways in which people are different from each other?
What is the focus of the nomothetic approach in personality psychology?
What is the focus of the nomothetic approach in personality psychology?
What is the term for the process of personality, including the mechanisms and traits that describe individual differences?
What is the term for the process of personality, including the mechanisms and traits that describe individual differences?
What is the assumption underlying the study of personality in social and cultural contexts?
What is the assumption underlying the study of personality in social and cultural contexts?
What is the focus of the study of individual differences within cultures?
What is the focus of the study of individual differences within cultures?
What is the term for the concept of oneself, including one's feelings, beliefs, and desires?
What is the term for the concept of oneself, including one's feelings, beliefs, and desires?
What is the focus of the study of human nature at the level of analysis?
What is the focus of the study of human nature at the level of analysis?
What is the term for the long-term goals that individuals strive to meet?
What is the term for the long-term goals that individuals strive to meet?
What is the focus of the cognitive-experiential approach in human nature?
What is the focus of the cognitive-experiential approach in human nature?
Which type of data is gathered through personality tests and self-reports?
Which type of data is gathered through personality tests and self-reports?
What is a limitation of observer report data?
What is a limitation of observer report data?
What is the purpose of using mechanical recording devices in personality research?
What is the purpose of using mechanical recording devices in personality research?
Which type of reliability refers to the correlation of scores between two parallel forms of a test?
Which type of reliability refers to the correlation of scores between two parallel forms of a test?
What is a limitation of self-report data?
What is a limitation of self-report data?
What is the benefit of using projective techniques in personality research?
What is the benefit of using projective techniques in personality research?
What is a factor that affects the reliability of a test?
What is a factor that affects the reliability of a test?
What is the purpose of using unstructured items in personality tests?
What is the purpose of using unstructured items in personality tests?
What is a characteristic of a good personality test?
What is a characteristic of a good personality test?
What is the advantage of using multiple observers in assessing a person's personality?
What is the advantage of using multiple observers in assessing a person's personality?
Which type of observation is more realistic but lacks control over events?
Which type of observation is more realistic but lacks control over events?
What is a limitation of personality measurement?
What is a limitation of personality measurement?
What is an advantage of using larger sample sizes in personality assessment?
What is an advantage of using larger sample sizes in personality assessment?
What is the purpose of triangulation in personality assessment?
What is the purpose of triangulation in personality assessment?
What is the primary concern of test questions in terms of reliability?
What is the primary concern of test questions in terms of reliability?
What is a type of validity that takes into account bias in testing?
What is a type of validity that takes into account bias in testing?
What is the primary concern of content validity?
What is the primary concern of content validity?
Which type of validity assesses whether the test measures a specified psychological construct or trait?
Which type of validity assesses whether the test measures a specified psychological construct or trait?
What is a characteristic of life-outcome data (L-data)?
What is a characteristic of life-outcome data (L-data)?
What is the purpose of correlational studies in research?
What is the purpose of correlational studies in research?
What is the main concern of criterion-related validity?
What is the main concern of criterion-related validity?
What is the primary focus of case studies in research?
What is the primary focus of case studies in research?
What is the main concern of predictive validity?
What is the main concern of predictive validity?
What is the primary concern of face validity?
What is the primary concern of face validity?
What is the primary concern of concurrent validity?
What is the primary concern of concurrent validity?
Study Notes
Personality Psychology
- Personality is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms that describe ways in which people are different from each other and influence their interactions with others.
- Lay definition: personality refers to the distinctive character or qualities of a person that distinguish them from others.
- Individual uniqueness can be studied nomothetically (statistical comparisons between groups) or ideographically (focuses on a single person).
Domains of Knowledge
- Dispositional: deals with ways in which individuals differ from one another, focusing on the number and nature of fundamental dispositions.
- Biological: focuses on the biological systems that provide the building blocks for behavior, thought, and emotion.
- Intrapysychic: deals with the mental mechanisms of personality, many of which operate outside conscious awareness.
- Cognitive-experiential: focuses on cognition and subjective experience.
- Social and cultural: assumes that personality affects and is affected by cultural and social contexts.
Personality Theories
- Theories serve as a guide for researchers and organize their findings.
- Theories have several key purposes: making predictions about behavior and psychological phenomena, being comprehensive, testable, heuristic, and parsimonious.
Levels of Personality Analysis
- Human nature: how we are like all others, focusing on traits and mechanisms typical to our species.
- Individual and group differences: how we are like some others, focusing on differences between individuals and groups.
Sources of Personality Data
- Self-report data (S-data): individuals have access to a wealth of information about themselves that is inaccessible to anyone else.
- Observer report data (O-data): multiple observers can be used to assess a person, providing access to information not attainable through self-report.
- Life-outcome data (L-data): serves as an important source of 'real-life' information about personality.
- Physiological data: difficult to fake responses, but used in labs and may not reflect real-life situations.
- Projective techniques: provide information about wishes, desires, and fantasies, but are difficult to score and have uncertain validity.
Measurement Issues
- Reliability: consistency of measurement, affected by factors such as test length, homogeneity of items, and test-retest interval.
- Validity: does the test measure what it purports to measure, taking into account bias and content validity.
Issues in Personality Assessment
- Links among different data sources: results that replicate through triangulation are most powerful.
- Fallibility of personality measurement: all sources of data have limitations.
- Decisions about data source and research design depend on the purpose of the study.
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Description
Introduction to personality psychology, covering the basics of personality psychology. Part of University of South Australia's psychology course.
