Personality Psychology: Trait-Situation Interaction
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Questions and Answers

Which factor contributes to the expression of personality traits according to the trait-situation interaction?

  • Hereditary traits
  • Social recognition
  • Cultural influences
  • Circumstances of a situation (correct)

    • The five-factor model of personality has been supported by cross-cultural research.

    True

    What is behavioral genetics concerned with?

    Discovering the genetic bases for personality characteristics.

    The assumption that personality traits can be influenced by __________, such as life events and social interactions, reflects the trait-situation interaction.

    <p>circumstances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Self-concept = The perception of oneself Real Self = How an individual sees themselves currently Ideal Self = How an individual wishes to be Positive Regard = Acceptance and support regardless of what a person says or does</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage correlation for self-ratings was found among identical twins in the Big Five personality traits study?

    <p>45%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adoption studies have no role in assessing the heritability of personality traits.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'characteristic adaptations' in the context of personality?

    <p>Adaptations influenced by self-concept, cultural norms, life events, and social interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait dimension of the Big Five is characterized by a willingness to try new things?

    <p>Openness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Writers tend to score higher on the trait of conscientiousness compared to airline pilots.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the five dimensions of the Big Five personality model.

    <p>Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals who are ________ are typically easygoing and friendly.

    <p>agreeable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following traits with their corresponding characteristics:

    <p>Openness = Conventional, down-to-earth, uncreative Conscientiousness = Organized, reliable, neat Extraversion = Talkative, optimistic, sociable Neuroticism = Worrying, insecure, anxious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait dimension indicates a person's degree of emotional stability?

    <p>Neuroticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Higher scores in conscientiousness generally indicate a person who is unreliable and careless.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trait dimension is categorized into extroverts and introverts?

    <p>Extraversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'trait' refer to in trait theory?

    <p>A consistent and enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gordon Allport developed a list of about 200 traits that he believed were found in personality.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are surface traits according to Cattell's trait theory?

    <p>Aspects of personality that can easily be seen by others in a person's outward actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Raymond Cattell identified _____ source traits using factor analysis.

    <p>16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes unconditional positive regard?

    <p>The acceptance and support of a person regardless of what they say or do</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humanistic psychology, the real self is the ideal version of oneself.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following theorists with their contributions to trait theory:

    <p>Gordon Allport = List of about 200 traits Raymond Cattell = 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire Carl Rogers = Unconditional positive regard Abraham Maslow = Hierarchy of needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trait theories primarily focus on _____ personality and predicting behavior.

    <p>describing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 13: Theories of Personality

    • Personality is the unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave. It includes character and temperament.
      • Character involves value judgments about a person's moral and ethical behavior.
      • Temperament refers to enduring characteristics present at birth.
    • Personality is difficult to measure.
    • Traditional perspectives in personality include psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, and trait perspectives.

    13.2–13.5 Psychodynamic Perspectives

    • The psychodynamic perspective centers on the idea that people change over time, past experiences shape who we are, and we are not always aware of why we act the way we do.

    • Freud's theory views the mind as divided into the preconscious, conscious, and unconscious levels. The unconscious mind is considered the most crucial factor in behavior and personality.

    • Freud's theory divides personality into the id, ego, and superego.

      • Id: present at birth, focused on immediate gratification and survival.
      • Ego: develops from a need to deal with reality; mostly conscious; rationale; operates on the reality principle (satisfying demands of the id when it's realistically possible without negative consequences.)
      • Superego: acts as a moral center; partly conscious; includes the ego ideal and conscience.

    • Psychological defense mechanisms are unconscious distortions of reality to reduce stress and anxiety. These mechanisms manage conflicts between the id, ego, and superego. Examples of defense mechanisms:

      • Denial: refusing to acknowledge a threatening situation.
      • Repression: pushing threatening thoughts out of conscious memory.
      • Rationalization: making up excuses for bad behavior.
      • Projection: attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts to others.
      • Reaction formation: forming an opposite attitude to a threatening/unacceptable thought.
      • Displacement: redirecting feelings from a threatening target to a substitute target.
      • Regression: reverting to childlike behaviors when stressed.
      • Identification: trying to become like someone else to reduce anxiety.
      • Compensation: making up for perceived weaknesses in one area by excelling in another.
      • Sublimation: redirecting unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior.

    13.3 Stages of Personality Development

    • Psychosexual stages are five stages of personality development proposed by Freud. Each stage is tied to the sexual development of the child and involves an erogenous zone, a body area that produces pleasurable feelings.

      • Fixation: a disorder in which a person does not fully resolve a conflict in a specific psychosexual stage, leading to personality traits associated with that earlier stage.

    • The stages include:

      • Oral stage (first 18 months): erogenous zone is the mouth; weaning is the primary conflict. Possible fixation issues include oral fixation.
      • Anal stage (18–36 months): erogenous zone is the anus; toilet training is the main conflict. Possible fixation issues include anal expulsive personality and anal retentive personality.
      • Phallic stage (3–6 years): erogenous zone is the genitals; awakening of sexual curiosity is the primary conflict. Possible fixation issues include Oedipus complex and Electra complex.
      • Latency stage (6 years to puberty): sexual feelings are repressed while the child develops intellectually, physically, and socially.
      • Genital stage (puberty to death): sexual feelings reawaken; entry into adult social and sexual behavior.

    13.4 The Neo-Freudians

    • Neo-Freudians are followers of Freud who developed their own theories of psychoanalysis, often retaining some of Freud's concepts but moving away from the sole focus on sexual drive and toward a broader understanding of social factors' impact.

    • Key neo-Freudian figures and their contributions include:

      • Jung: developed a theory including the personal and collective unconscious. Archetypes are collective, universal human memories.
      • Adler: proposed that the driving force behind human endeavors was the seeking of superiority, developed birth-order theory.
      • Horney: developed a theory based on basic anxiety, replacing the concept of penis envy with "womb envy," and focusing on neurotic personalities resulting from less-secure upbringings and their maladaptive responses to relationships.
      • Erikson: developed a theory based on social relationships across the entire lifespan, focusing on eight psychosocial stages.

    13.5 Current Thoughts on Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective

    • Current research has found support for some Freudian concepts, particularly defense mechanisms. The unconscious influence on behavior also has support in recent research.
    • However, some Freudian concepts cannot be scientifically researched, such as the interpretation of dreams or free association. Critiques concern the limitations of applicability, and reliance on case studies of a specific population (wealthy Austrian women).

    13.6-13.7 The Behavioral and Social Cognitive View of Personality

    • Behaviorists define personality as a set of learned responses or habits.

    Social cognitive view: Learning theory including cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models. - Bandura's reciprocal determinism: explains how environment, personal characteristics, and behavior interact to determine future behavior. Self-efficacy is an individual’s perception of how effective a behavior will be. - Rotter's social learning theory: based on a principle of motivation – seeking reinforcement and avoiding punishment. Locus of control (internal vs external); expectancy: how much a reinforcing result is expected.

    13.8-13.9 Humanism and Personality

    • Humanistic perspective is a reaction against psychodynamic and behavioral views. It focuses on uniquely human aspects like subjective feelings and freedom of choice.

    • Key figures including Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow developed aspects of this perspective.

    • Self-actualizing tendency: striving to fulfill one's innate capacities and abilities. Self-concept: the image of oneself developed through interactions. Self: awareness of personal characteristics and functioning level. Real vs ideal self: mismatch between perceived characteristics and desired characteristics of the self leading to anxiety/incongruence. Positive regard: warmth, affection, love and respect from significant others. This can be unconditional or conditional. Fully functioning person is in touch with and trusting of one’s deepest inner urges/feelings.

    13.10-13.12 Trait Theories

    • Trait theories focus on describing personality and using personality to predict behavior. Trait is a relatively consistent, enduring way of thinking/feeling/behaving.

    • Allport: developed an extensive list of traits believed to be wired into the nervous system.

    • Cattell: used factor analysis to group traits into source traits (more basic underlying traits) and surface traits (more easily observable).

    • Five-factor model (Big Five): basic trait dimensions: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

      • These traits can be assessed using self-reports.

    13.13-13.15 Personality: Genetics, Neuroscience, and Culture

    • Studying genetics, neuroscience, and culture help to understand how much personality is inherited.
    • Behavioral genetics: investigates the genetic bases of personality traits using twin and adoption studies
    • Personality neuroscience: explores relationships between personality and patterns of brain functioning using neuroimaging techniques. -Research suggests that heritability of personality traits are around 50%, but environmental factors also substantially contribute toward traits and behaviors..
      • Culture also has an important impact on personality. Geert Hofstede's study found four dimensions of cultural personality that influence traits: Individualism/collectivism, power distance, masculinity/femininity, and uncertainty avoidance.

    13.16-13.17 Assessment of Personality

    • Psychologists use various assessment tools often employing an eclectic method from multiple theoretical/perspectives.

        - Interviews: Direct questions, structured or unstructured, to learn about the client and their experiences
  - Behavioral Assessments: Observe client behavior in ordinary settings to measure personality, using methods like rating scales and frequency counts.
  - Personality Inventories: Standardized questionnaires with specific, consistent replies that assess personality (e.g., 16PF, NEO-PI-R, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator).
  - Projective Tests: Ambiguous stimuli (e.g., inkblots, pictures) are presented to the client to reveal unconscious thoughts/feelings. (e.g., Rorschach, TAT)

    13.18 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Informally Assessing Personality

    • Methods used to assess personality can be applied to many situations in life beyond formal diagnosis/treatment/assessment.
    • Key questions to consider include what factors a method is measuring, its validity and reliability and how this information informs judgments and actions in everyday situations.

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    Psychology: Theories of Personality - Global Edition 6th Edition PDF

    Description

    Dive into the fascinating world of personality psychology with this quiz on the trait-situation interaction. Explore concepts such as the five-factor model, behavioral genetics, and the influence of environment on personality traits. Test your knowledge about the dimensions of personality and their implications!

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