Lecture 4: Cognitive & behavioural approaches
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Questions and Answers

What is the main concern with the Theoretical Approach to personality?

  • It is too difficult to understand
  • It lacks standardisation and scientific bases (correct)
  • It is not applicable to real-life situations
  • It is too focused on observation and measurement

    • What is the focus of Lecture 4 in the personality lecture series?

  • Psychobiological and lexical approaches
  • Humanistic and existential approaches
  • Cognitive and behavioural approaches (correct)
  • Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic approaches

    • What is one of the learning outcomes of this course?

  • To apply personality theories to real-life situations
  • To identify the key differences between humanistic and existential approaches
  • To understand the conceptual foundations of cognitive-behaviourism (correct)
  • To understand the limitations of psychoanalytic approaches

    • What is the title of the lecture series?

    <p>No title specified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with the approach of psychoanalysis?

    <p>How can we really know what is going on in one’s mind, if we cannot directly observe and measure it?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many lectures are in the personality lecture series?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS) consist of?

    <p>Cognitive-Affective Units (CAU's) and behavioral outputs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Encodings in the Cognitive-Affective Account?

    <p>Categories (constructs) for the self, people, events, and situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the interaction between Cognitive-Affective Units (CAU's) in the Cognitive-Affective Account?

    <p>Uncertain outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the Cognitive-Affective Account that deals with self-efficacy?

    <p>Expectancies and Beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the theory proposed by Mischel and Shoda in 1995?

    <p>Cognitive-Affective System Theory of Personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Competencies and Self-regulatory Plans in the Cognitive-Affective Account?

    <p>To organize action and affect outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is habituation in the context of non-associative learning?

    <p>The process through which the intensity of behavioural responses to repeated stimuli declines or gets extinguished through time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind the concept of habituation?

    <p>Getting used to some stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a trait, according to the field of psychology?

    <p>A relatively enduring characteristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the book 'Psychology of Change: Life Contexts, Experiences, and Identities'?

    <p>The relationship between life contexts, experiences, and identities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are the authors of the chapter 'A functional perspective on personality trait development'?

    <p>Wood and Denissen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is functional analysis in the context of behaviorism?

    <p>A method of analyzing behavior in terms of its function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to radical behaviourism, what is the final personality makeup of an individual?

    <p>The end-product of our habit systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of behaviourism when it comes to understanding personality?

    <p>Directly observing behaviour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of behaviourists when studying personality?

    <p>To perform functional analyses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the example of Jo, what happens when they exercise?

    <p>They have more energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way that behaviourists believe personality is shaped?

    <p>Through environmental contingencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of classical conditioning in behaviourism?

    <p>Habit formation through association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea of radical behaviourism regarding personality?

    <p>Personality doesn't really exist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to behaviourism, what is the relationship between behaviour and personality?

    <p>Personality is the sum of behaviours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the interactions between CAU's?

    <p>Probabilistic situation-specific behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept that describes the likelihood of some outcome in a specific condition?

    <p>Conditional probability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major contribution of the Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS) to the field of psychology?

    <p>Treatment of phobias and mood disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a therapy related to the Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS)?

    <p>Humanistic therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of personality according to Mischel's Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS)?

    <p>A cognitive-affective personality system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theorist is associated with a behaviorist approach to personality?

    <p>Skinner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of personality according to Skinner?

    <p>The sum of behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy is NOT directly related to the Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS)?

    <p>Free association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lecture Overview

    • The lecture series covers topics such as introduction to personality, psychoanalytic and psychodynamic approaches, humanistic and existential approaches, cognitive and behavioral approaches, psychobiological and lexical approaches, and personality assessment.

    Learning Outcomes

    • Understand the conceptual foundations of behaviorism, cognitive-behaviorism, and cognitive-affective approaches to personality.
    • Identify the key differences between each approach.
    • Understand the limitations of each approach.
    • Understand the contribution of behavioral approaches to the 'great debate' in modern personality research.

    Socio-Cognitive and Behavioural Approaches to Personality

    • Objections to previous approaches to personality included the lack of standardization or scientific bases, and the difficulty of directly observing and measuring internal mental processes.

    Cognitive-Affective Account

    • Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS) is a dynamic system comprising Cognitive-Affective Units (CAUs) that interact in complex, probabilistic ways, resulting in unpredictable outcomes.
    • CAUs consist of:
    • Encodings: Categories for the self, people, events, and situations.
    • Expectancies and Beliefs: About the social world, outcomes for behavior in particular situations, and self-efficacy.
    • Affects: Feelings, emotions, and affective responses.
    • Goals and Values: Desirable outcomes and affective states; aversive outcomes and affective states; goals, values, and life projects.
    • Competencies and Self-regulatory Plans: Potential behaviors and scripts that one can do, and plans and strategies for organizing action and affecting outcomes and one's own behavior and internal states.

    Behaviourism

    • Radical Behaviourism:
    • Personality doesn't really exist.
    • Environmental contingencies can shape the person into anything and anyone.
    • Our final personality makeup is the end-product of our habit systems.
    • Systematic differences in behavior and experience are more or less fixed by the age of 30.
    • Behaviourism:
    • Personality is the sum of behaviors.
    • The only valid way to know a person is through directly observing their behavior (B-data).
    • The causes of our behaviors, and thus our personality, can be found in the individual's environment and can be directly observed.
    • The goal of behaviorist is to perform functional analyses that map out how exactly behavior/personality is a function of one's environmental situation.

    Classical Conditioning

    • Habit systems form through association.
    • 3 main types of learning:
    • Habituation (non-associative learning): The process through which the intensity of behavioral responses to repeated stimuli declines or gets extinguished over time.

    Functional Analysis

    • Functional analysis is used to map out how behavior/personality is a function of one's environmental situation.

    Cognitive-Affective Account

    • Complexity of interactions between CAUs gives rise to probabilistic situation-specific behaviors.
    • Behavioral stability is relative to situations > Personality signatures.

    Contributions

    • Behaviourism contributed to the development of the first objective personality theories, the first truly scientific theories of personality, and the treatment of various disorders.
    • Major contributions include:
    • Cognitive-Behavioural therapy (CBT)
    • Systematic Desensitization
    • Aversion Therapy
    • Schema Therapy
    • Dialectic Behaviour Therapy
    • Rational-Emotive Therapy
    • Free association

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    Description

    Explore the introduction to personality, psychoanalytic, humanistic, cognitive, and psychobiological approaches, and personality assessment in this lecture series.

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