Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which statement best describes the nature of personality disorders?
Which statement best describes the nature of personality disorders?
- They are temporary reactions to difficult life situations.
- They are primarily caused by acute stress and resolve with short-term therapy.
- They are easily treated with medication and brief counseling.
- They involve rigid and inflexible traits leading to impaired functioning. (correct)
What is the primary characteristic of individuals with paranoid personality disorder?
What is the primary characteristic of individuals with paranoid personality disorder?
- A pervasive distrust and suspicion of others' motives. (correct)
- A need to be taken care of which leads to submissive behavior.
- A belief that they are entitled to special treatment and admiration.
- A desire to be the center of attention and engage in dramatic behavior.
Which factor is most associated with the development of paranoid personality disorder?
Which factor is most associated with the development of paranoid personality disorder?
- Consistent and predictable parenting styles.
- Possible hereditary link and early parental antagonism and harassment. (correct)
- Strong, supportive relationships throughout life.
- Excessive praise and admiration during childhood.
What is a key clinical feature of schizoid personality disorder?
What is a key clinical feature of schizoid personality disorder?
Which of the following best describes the typical affect of an individual with schizoid personality disorder?
Which of the following best describes the typical affect of an individual with schizoid personality disorder?
Which factor is considered a predisposing factor for schizoid personality disorder?
Which factor is considered a predisposing factor for schizoid personality disorder?
What is a primary characteristic that differentiates schizotypal personality disorder from schizoid personality disorder?
What is a primary characteristic that differentiates schizotypal personality disorder from schizoid personality disorder?
Which of the following best describes the speech pattern often observed in individuals with schizotypal personality disorder?
Which of the following best describes the speech pattern often observed in individuals with schizotypal personality disorder?
Early family dynamics characterized by indifference, impassivity, and formality are predisposing factors for which of the following personality disorders?
Early family dynamics characterized by indifference, impassivity, and formality are predisposing factors for which of the following personality disorders?
What is the hallmark characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
What is the hallmark characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding individuals with antisocial personality disorder?
Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding individuals with antisocial personality disorder?
A history of severe physical abuse and a disruptive behavior disorder (attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or conduct disorder) as a child are predisposing factors for which personality disorder?
A history of severe physical abuse and a disruptive behavior disorder (attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or conduct disorder) as a child are predisposing factors for which personality disorder?
What is a primary nursing diagnosis for a client with antisocial personality disorder?
What is a primary nursing diagnosis for a client with antisocial personality disorder?
What is a defining characteristic of borderline personality disorder (BPD)?
What is a defining characteristic of borderline personality disorder (BPD)?
Which of the following is a common clinical feature in individuals with borderline personality disorder?
Which of the following is a common clinical feature in individuals with borderline personality disorder?
According to object relations theory, fixation in the rapprochement phase of development contributes to BPD due to what?
According to object relations theory, fixation in the rapprochement phase of development contributes to BPD due to what?
What is a key nursing intervention for a client with BPD who engages in self-mutilation?
What is a key nursing intervention for a client with BPD who engages in self-mutilation?
What is a key characteristic of histrionic personality disorder?
What is a key characteristic of histrionic personality disorder?
A client with histrionic personality disorder is most likely to exhibit which behavior?
A client with histrionic personality disorder is most likely to exhibit which behavior?
What is a proposed predisposing factor for the development of histrionic personality disorder?
What is a proposed predisposing factor for the development of histrionic personality disorder?
Which behavior is most characteristic of individuals with narcissistic personality disorder?
Which behavior is most characteristic of individuals with narcissistic personality disorder?
What statement best describes the mood of an individual with narcissistic personality disorder?
What statement best describes the mood of an individual with narcissistic personality disorder?
In the parent-child dynamic, psychodynamic theories suggest that Narcissistic Personality Disorder evolves from what situation?
In the parent-child dynamic, psychodynamic theories suggest that Narcissistic Personality Disorder evolves from what situation?
Which is a core feature of avoidant personality disorder?
Which is a core feature of avoidant personality disorder?
A person exhibiting awkwardness and discomfort in social settings with a desire for close relationships but avoiding them because of a fear of being rejected, is more likely to have which personality disorder?
A person exhibiting awkwardness and discomfort in social settings with a desire for close relationships but avoiding them because of a fear of being rejected, is more likely to have which personality disorder?
Which factor is most likely to contribute to the development of avoidant personality disorder?
Which factor is most likely to contribute to the development of avoidant personality disorder?
What is the defining characteristic of dependent personality disorder?
What is the defining characteristic of dependent personality disorder?
Individuals with dependent personality disorder are most accurately described by what?
Individuals with dependent personality disorder are most accurately described by what?
During infancy, an attachment that favors one source of nurturing to the exclusion of all others is a sign of which personality disorder?
During infancy, an attachment that favors one source of nurturing to the exclusion of all others is a sign of which personality disorder?
A client is inflexible about the way in which things are done, has difficulty expressing emotions, and is preoccupied with rules. This best describes which personality disorder?
A client is inflexible about the way in which things are done, has difficulty expressing emotions, and is preoccupied with rules. This best describes which personality disorder?
Which of the following is a key behavioral pattern associated with Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder?
Which of the following is a key behavioral pattern associated with Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder?
Overcontrol by parents is a predisposing factor for which personality disorder?
Overcontrol by parents is a predisposing factor for which personality disorder?
Which of the following treatment modalities is most appropriate for individuals with antisocial personality disorder?
Which of the following treatment modalities is most appropriate for individuals with antisocial personality disorder?
Which is the most appropriate nursing intervention for a pt who is using “splitting” behavior with staff?
Which is the most appropriate nursing intervention for a pt who is using “splitting” behavior with staff?
A client reports having abdominal pain and requests medicine, which action to take first?
A client reports having abdominal pain and requests medicine, which action to take first?
Male Pt with antisocial disorder was found in a female pt bed. Nurse tells him to leave, he says, "I'm sick of you telling me what I can and can't do. If I want to carry on a relationship with of these ladies, it's my right. I'll do exactly as I please!"?
Male Pt with antisocial disorder was found in a female pt bed. Nurse tells him to leave, he says, "I'm sick of you telling me what I can and can't do. If I want to carry on a relationship with of these ladies, it's my right. I'll do exactly as I please!"?
What is a goal for patient with BPD?
What is a goal for patient with BPD?
What is key for the grieving process?
What is key for the grieving process?
What is the goal for pt that's has interpersonal relationships difficulties and splitting?
What is the goal for pt that's has interpersonal relationships difficulties and splitting?
Which factor is considered the most influential in the development of an individual's personality?
Which factor is considered the most influential in the development of an individual's personality?
A client diagnosed with a personality disorder is noted to have traits that deviate markedly from cultural expectations, are inflexible, and lead to distress, indicating what?
A client diagnosed with a personality disorder is noted to have traits that deviate markedly from cultural expectations, are inflexible, and lead to distress, indicating what?
What is the primary characteristic used to categorize personality disorders into three distinct clusters?
What is the primary characteristic used to categorize personality disorders into three distinct clusters?
A nursing instructor is teaching about Cluster A personality disorders. Which of the following should be included in the teaching?
A nursing instructor is teaching about Cluster A personality disorders. Which of the following should be included in the teaching?
A client diagnosed with paranoid personality disorder states, "I know my roommate is trying to poison me; I can feel it!" Which response is most appropriate?
A client diagnosed with paranoid personality disorder states, "I know my roommate is trying to poison me; I can feel it!" Which response is most appropriate?
A patient diagnosed with paranoid personality disorder says, "The FBI is after me." Which of the following characteristics of this disorder is the patient displaying?
A patient diagnosed with paranoid personality disorder says, "The FBI is after me." Which of the following characteristics of this disorder is the patient displaying?
What is the most likely environmental factor that can lead to the development of Paranoid Personality Disorder?
What is the most likely environmental factor that can lead to the development of Paranoid Personality Disorder?
What is the most important characteristic to include in a discharge plan for a patient diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder?
What is the most important characteristic to include in a discharge plan for a patient diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder?
A client with schizoid personality disorder reveals that they enjoy spending time in the library to avoid people. The nurse concludes that the pt exhibits which characteristic?
A client with schizoid personality disorder reveals that they enjoy spending time in the library to avoid people. The nurse concludes that the pt exhibits which characteristic?
A client with schizotypal personality disorder is prescribed an antipsychotic medication. Besides a reduction in psychotic symptoms, what other treatment outcome should the nurse look for to show improvement?
A client with schizotypal personality disorder is prescribed an antipsychotic medication. Besides a reduction in psychotic symptoms, what other treatment outcome should the nurse look for to show improvement?
A client with schizotypal personality disorder, when under stress, will exhibit which behavior?
A client with schizotypal personality disorder, when under stress, will exhibit which behavior?
A client is diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. Which early life experience is most likely to be present in the client's history?
A client is diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. Which early life experience is most likely to be present in the client's history?
A man is court committed to anger management therapy after he exhibited a pattern of behavior that reflects a general disregard for the rights of others. What disorder does this man most likely have?
A man is court committed to anger management therapy after he exhibited a pattern of behavior that reflects a general disregard for the rights of others. What disorder does this man most likely have?
A treatment team is discussing possible reasons a patient admitted for antisocial personality disorder attempts to manipulate those around him. The team mentions his "ego defense mechanisms". Which of the following are examples of these mechanisms?
A treatment team is discussing possible reasons a patient admitted for antisocial personality disorder attempts to manipulate those around him. The team mentions his "ego defense mechanisms". Which of the following are examples of these mechanisms?
The parent of a client with borderline personality disorder reports feeling manipulated and as though she is walking on eggshells around her child. Which nursing intervention most demonstrates compassion and understanding for the parents?
The parent of a client with borderline personality disorder reports feeling manipulated and as though she is walking on eggshells around her child. Which nursing intervention most demonstrates compassion and understanding for the parents?
What is the primary reason individuals with borderline personality disorder engage in manipulative behaviors?
What is the primary reason individuals with borderline personality disorder engage in manipulative behaviors?
According to Mahler's theory of object relations, an individual with borderline personality disorder is most likely fixated in the ________ phase of development.
According to Mahler's theory of object relations, an individual with borderline personality disorder is most likely fixated in the ________ phase of development.
A client says that there is pressure to be more extroverted because her peers tell her that she needs to be social to get through college. Which is the most important characteristic of the client with a recent diagnosis of histrionic personality disorder?
A client says that there is pressure to be more extroverted because her peers tell her that she needs to be social to get through college. Which is the most important characteristic of the client with a recent diagnosis of histrionic personality disorder?
How is histrionic personality disorder characterized?
How is histrionic personality disorder characterized?
What thought process is likely going through the mind of a person with narcissistic personality disorder when they are unable to meet self-expectations, do not receive positive feedback from others, ridicule from others?
What thought process is likely going through the mind of a person with narcissistic personality disorder when they are unable to meet self-expectations, do not receive positive feedback from others, ridicule from others?
A female expresses discomfort in social situations, has a history of avoiding interpersonal contact, and will only accept jobs that require her to work in isolation. The nurse concludes that the pt has which disorder?
A female expresses discomfort in social situations, has a history of avoiding interpersonal contact, and will only accept jobs that require her to work in isolation. The nurse concludes that the pt has which disorder?
Which factor do those with avoidant personality disorder experience as a predisposing factor?
Which factor do those with avoidant personality disorder experience as a predisposing factor?
A client seeks constant reassurance, has a notable lack of self-confidence, and is overly generous and thoughtful while underplaying her own attractiveness and achievements, but will not make decisions. What diagnosis is most likely for this client?
A client seeks constant reassurance, has a notable lack of self-confidence, and is overly generous and thoughtful while underplaying her own attractiveness and achievements, but will not make decisions. What diagnosis is most likely for this client?
What situation in infancy will facilitate possible hereditary influence for a child to develop dependent personality disorder?
What situation in infancy will facilitate possible hereditary influence for a child to develop dependent personality disorder?
What is the primary emotion experienced by individuals with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)?
What is the primary emotion experienced by individuals with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)?
During a care planning meeting, some nurses are having difficulty caring for a patient after reading the official Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder diagnosis. Which of the following should a charge nurse tell the staff?
During a care planning meeting, some nurses are having difficulty caring for a patient after reading the official Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder diagnosis. Which of the following should a charge nurse tell the staff?
Which predisposing factor is most associated with the development of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
Which predisposing factor is most associated with the development of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
Which therapeutic approach focuses on assisting the client to improve their ability to reflect on and understand internal states (their own and others) and how those impact their behavior?
Which therapeutic approach focuses on assisting the client to improve their ability to reflect on and understand internal states (their own and others) and how those impact their behavior?
Why might group or milieu therapy be an effective treatment modality for a patient diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder?
Why might group or milieu therapy be an effective treatment modality for a patient diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder?
What is the purpose of the nurse rotating staff members to work with a patient in an inpatient setting?
What is the purpose of the nurse rotating staff members to work with a patient in an inpatient setting?
What is the most effective statement by the nurse dealing with a person who engages in verbal abuse and manipulation?
What is the most effective statement by the nurse dealing with a person who engages in verbal abuse and manipulation?
A newly admitted client has had a hx of violence and is impulsive. In this situation, what should the nurse prioritize?
A newly admitted client has had a hx of violence and is impulsive. In this situation, what should the nurse prioritize?
If a client on the unit admits thoughts to harm another, what intervention by the nurse is a priority?
If a client on the unit admits thoughts to harm another, what intervention by the nurse is a priority?
What is one of the potential nursing outcomes for a client learning more adaptive coping skills?
What is one of the potential nursing outcomes for a client learning more adaptive coping skills?
Which of the following distinguishes a personality trait from a personality disorder?
Which of the following distinguishes a personality trait from a personality disorder?
A client is described as constantly seeking reassurance and tending to be overly generous while downplaying achievements. How do these behaviors relate to predisposing factors?
A client is described as constantly seeking reassurance and tending to be overly generous while downplaying achievements. How do these behaviors relate to predisposing factors?
During an assessment, the nurse notes a client's history of unstable and intense relationships, and observes the client alternating between idealizing and devaluing staff. Which cluster is this client's actions classified under?
During an assessment, the nurse notes a client's history of unstable and intense relationships, and observes the client alternating between idealizing and devaluing staff. Which cluster is this client's actions classified under?
A client is inflexible, overly disciplined, perfectionistic, and preoccupied with rules. How do these traits relate to the client's emotional expression and personal life?
A client is inflexible, overly disciplined, perfectionistic, and preoccupied with rules. How do these traits relate to the client's emotional expression and personal life?
Evidence suggests that genetics and environment both have roles in the development of Narcissistic Personality Disorder; which of these would fall into the Environmental Influence category?
Evidence suggests that genetics and environment both have roles in the development of Narcissistic Personality Disorder; which of these would fall into the Environmental Influence category?
A nurse in a psychiatric unit is caring for a client with a personality disorder. What is the nurse's most appropriate course of action?
A nurse in a psychiatric unit is caring for a client with a personality disorder. What is the nurse's most appropriate course of action?
A client with a suspected personality disorder is noted to express a need to be the center of attention and display exaggerated emotions. Which personality disorder cluster is most closely associated with:
A client with a suspected personality disorder is noted to express a need to be the center of attention and display exaggerated emotions. Which personality disorder cluster is most closely associated with:
After prolonged therapy a client who has difficulty expressing emotions begins to exhibit a slightly wider range of affect. What is a defense mechanism to ensure that people with this presentation of affect do not venture out of the set comfort zone?
After prolonged therapy a client who has difficulty expressing emotions begins to exhibit a slightly wider range of affect. What is a defense mechanism to ensure that people with this presentation of affect do not venture out of the set comfort zone?
Individuals are placed in a milieu therapy program to offer better support from peers. Why are interpersonal relationships largely better managed in this setting?
Individuals are placed in a milieu therapy program to offer better support from peers. Why are interpersonal relationships largely better managed in this setting?
A patient is undergoing long-term psychotherapy to treat a personality disorder. What is the main outcome that therapists are looking for that will validate the treatment plan?
A patient is undergoing long-term psychotherapy to treat a personality disorder. What is the main outcome that therapists are looking for that will validate the treatment plan?
What intervention may be used in treating cognitive-perceptual symptoms commonly found in Cluster A disorders?
What intervention may be used in treating cognitive-perceptual symptoms commonly found in Cluster A disorders?
A pt with a personality disorder is attending group skills training. Which skill would be most valuable to the client?
A pt with a personality disorder is attending group skills training. Which skill would be most valuable to the client?
What class of medications shows benefits in the use case of managing emotional dysregulation and impulsive aggressive symptoms?
What class of medications shows benefits in the use case of managing emotional dysregulation and impulsive aggressive symptoms?
According to what you have read, how might genetics and environment interact to influence the development of antisocial personality disorder?
According to what you have read, how might genetics and environment interact to influence the development of antisocial personality disorder?
After research, what gene may be moderated after exposure to violence that is present in a patient?
After research, what gene may be moderated after exposure to violence that is present in a patient?
How are treatment successes in personality disorders defined?
How are treatment successes in personality disorders defined?
A home environment can greatly contribute to antisocial personality disorder. What early home situation is a potential for increased risk?
A home environment can greatly contribute to antisocial personality disorder. What early home situation is a potential for increased risk?
A client with BPD says to the nurse: "No one else in the world can help me the way you do." What pattern of interaction is the client portraying?
A client with BPD says to the nurse: "No one else in the world can help me the way you do." What pattern of interaction is the client portraying?
The nurse finds that the pt has hurt others as a result of their behavior. The nurse remembers a term from evidence-based practice that identifies and names this personality disorder as:
The nurse finds that the pt has hurt others as a result of their behavior. The nurse remembers a term from evidence-based practice that identifies and names this personality disorder as:
A client is starting DBT. What is required from his caregiver to make the intervention efficacious?
A client is starting DBT. What is required from his caregiver to make the intervention efficacious?
Flashcards
Personality
Personality
The totality of emotional and behavioral characteristics particular to an individual, remaining stable over time.
Personality Traits
Personality Traits
Characteristics developed early in life that influence how one perceives and relates to their environment.
Personality Disorders
Personality Disorders
Occur when personality traits become rigid and inflexible, leading to maladaptive behavior and impaired functioning.
Heredity in Personality
Heredity in Personality
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Cluster A Personality Disorders
Cluster A Personality Disorders
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Cluster B Personality Disorders
Cluster B Personality Disorders
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Cluster C Personality Disorders
Cluster C Personality Disorders
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Paranoid Personality Disorder
Paranoid Personality Disorder
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Predisposing Factors (Paranoid PD)
Predisposing Factors (Paranoid PD)
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Schizoid Personality Disorder
Schizoid Personality Disorder
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Predisposing Factors (Schizoid PD)
Predisposing Factors (Schizoid PD)
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Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
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Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
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Clinging and Distancing
Clinging and Distancing
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Splitting
Splitting
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Manipulation
Manipulation
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Self-Destructive Behaviors
Self-Destructive Behaviors
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Impulsivity
Impulsivity
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Biochemical Factors (BPD)
Biochemical Factors (BPD)
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Genetic Factors (BPD)
Genetic Factors (BPD)
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Psychosocial Factors (BPD)
Psychosocial Factors (BPD)
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Histrionic Personality Disorder
Histrionic Personality Disorder
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Attention Seeking
Attention Seeking
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Predisposing Factors (Histrionic PD)
Predisposing Factors (Histrionic PD)
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
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Interpersonal Exploitation
Interpersonal Exploitation
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Mood
Mood
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Predisposing Factors (Narcissistic PD)
Predisposing Factors (Narcissistic PD)
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Avoidant Personality Disorder
Avoidant Personality Disorder
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Predisposing Factors (Avoidant PD)
Predisposing Factors (Avoidant PD)
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Dependent Personality Disorder
Dependent Personality Disorder
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Low Confidence
Low Confidence
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Predisposing Factors (Dependent PD)
Predisposing Factors (Dependent PD)
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Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
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OCPD Traits
OCPD Traits
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Predisposing Factors (Obsessive-Compulsive PD)
Predisposing Factors (Obsessive-Compulsive PD)
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Treatment Modalities
Treatment Modalities
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Study Notes
- Personality is the entirety of emotional and behavioral characteristics, specific to an individual, remaining stable and predictable.
Personality Disorders
- Personality traits are characteristics present from birth or developed early in life.
- Personality traits influence perception of and interaction with the environment, remaining stable over time.
- Personality disorders arise from rigid and inflexible personality traits, leading to maladaptive behavior patterns or functional impairment.
- Predisposing factors include heredity, temperament, experiential learning, and social interaction.
Cluster A: Odd or Eccentric
- Includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
Paranoid Personality Disorder
- Pervasive, persistent, and inappropriate mistrust of others characterizes this disorder.
- Individuals are suspicious of others' motives, assuming exploitation, harm, or deception.
- The disorder is more common in men than women.
- Clinical presentation includes being constantly on guard, hypervigilant, and ready for perceived threats.
- Individuals mistrust others, constantly testing their honesty, and are insensitive to others' feelings, while remaining oversensitive themselves.
- Individuals tend to misinterpret cues, magnify and distort occurrences, avoid accepting responsibility, and attribute shortcomings to others.
- Possible hereditary links and early parental antagonism/harassment are predisposing factors.
Schizoid Personality Disorder
- A primary characteristic is a profound inability to form personal relationships.
- Those with this disorder fail to respond emotionally to others in a meaningful way.
- Clinical features include aloofness, indifference, emotional coldness, preference for isolation, shyness, anxiety, and an overly serious demeanor.
- Childhoods are often bleak, cold, unempathic, and lack nurturing.
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
- Manifests clinically as a more severe form of schizoid personality.
- Schizotypal personality disorder affects 3% of the population.
- Individuals present as aloof, isolated, and apathetic.
- They may exhibit magical thinking, ideas of reference, illusions, depersonalization, superstitions, withdrawal, bizarre speech patterns, and inappropriate affect.
- Under stress, individuals may show psychotic symptoms.
- Predisposing factors include possible hereditary connections and early family dynamics marked by indifference, impassivity, and formality.
- Socially they demonstrate discomfort with closeness and affection.
Cluster B: Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic
- Includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Characterized by socially irresponsible, exploitative, and remorseless behavior.
- Behavior reflects disregard for the rights of others.
- Clinical features include failure to sustain employment, conformity to law, developing stable relationships or remorse.
- Antisocial personality disorder is more common in men.
- Potential predisposing factors are genetic influences, disruptive behavior as a child, history of abuse, inconsistent parental discipline, poverty and removal from home.
- Common nursing diagnoses include risk for other-directed violence, defensive coping, chronic low self-esteem, and ineffective health maintenance.
- Implementation focuses on managing violence risk, addressing defensive coping mechanisms, and fostering responsibility.
Borderline Personality Disorder
- A pattern of intense, chaotic relationships with instability characterizes the condition.
- Extreme, fluctuating attitudes regarding others and impulsive behavior are typical.
- Instability in relationships and self-image, impulsivity, intense affect, and behaviors are common.
- Chronic depression, bipolar disorder, inability to be alone, splitting, self-destructive behaviors, and impulsivity are all clinical features.
- Risk factors include genetics, biochemical factors, childhood trauma/abuse, and fixation in the rapprochement phase (16-24 months) of development.
- Common nursing diagnoses include the risk for both self-mutilation and suicide, complicated grieving, impaired social interaction, disturbed personal identity, anxiety, and chronic low self-esteem.
- Implementation strategies address self-harm risk, grief, and improving social interaction skills.
Histrionic Personality Disorder
- Characterized by excitable, emotional, dramatic, colorful, and extroverted behavior.
- Individuals crave attention and approval.
- The disorder may be more common in women, with a prevalence rate of 2% to 3%.
- Clinical presentation includes self-dramatization, attention-seeking, gregariousness, seductiveness, superficiality, manipulativeness, exhibitionism, distractibility, and dependency.
- Possible links to the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems, genetics, temperament, and learned behavior patterns are related to the disorder.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
- An exaggerated sense of self-worth and lack of empathy characterize this this disorder.
- Individuals have a belief in an inalienable right to special consideration.
- Diagnosed more often in men.
- Prevalence of the disorder is between 1% to 6%.
- Clinical presentation includes being overly self-centered, exploiting others, and having a grandiose mood that can easily change upon failure to meet expectations or receiving criticism.
- Predisposing factors include criticism/neglect or overindulgence as a child and having narcissistic parents.
Cluster C: Anxious or Fearful
- Includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
Avoidant Personality Disorder
- Characterized by extreme sensitivity to rejection and social withdrawal.
- The disorder is equally common in men and women, with a prevalence of 2% to 3%.
- Clinical features include awkwardness, discomfort in social situations, the desire for close relationships (but avoidance due to fear), loneliness, and viewing others as critical while being timid/withdrawn.
- There is no clear cause.
Dependent Personality Disorder
- Characterized by relying on others for emotional support.
- Clinical picture includes lack of self-confidence, being overly generous and thoughtful while underplaying one's own traits, low self-worth, and assuming passive/submissive roles.
- Hereditary connections possible.
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
- Characterized in inflexibility about how things are done.
- Obsessive-compulsive personality is devoted to productivity, with relative commonality occurring more often in men than women and as the oldest child in a family.
- Clinical presentation includes concern with organization, rigidity, politeness, and being rank-conscious.
- Predisposing factors include genetic links, overcontrol by parents, lack of positive reinforcement, and frequent punishment for undesirable behavior.
Treatment Modalities
- Treatment modalities include interpersonal psychotherapy, psychoanalytical psychotherapy, milieu/group therapy, cognitive/behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, and psychopharmacology.
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