Personality Chapter 14
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Questions and Answers

What does the socioemotional selectivity theory suggest about older adults?

  • They focus on enhancing abilities rather than emotional connections.
  • They prioritize long-term goals over immediate relationships.
  • They are motivated to engage with others rather than pursue distant aspirations. (correct)
  • They experience a decline in their motivation altogether.

How does culture influence personality according to the content?

  • Culture has no significant effect on personality traits.
  • Cultural differences are trivial when assessing personality.
  • Personality remains constant regardless of cultural context.
  • Personality is shaped by cultural experiences and context. (correct)

What is a key reason older adults can maintain psychological resilience according to the content?

  • They avoid focusing on specific life domains.
  • They become less interested in social interactions.
  • They depend solely on external support systems.
  • They gain knowledge and energy in selected areas of life. (correct)

What idea is conveyed regarding personality and the concept of 'self'?

<p>Both personality and self are socially constructed within cultural contexts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consider cultural psychology in the study of personality?

<p>Culture may provide context that alters personality characteristics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do interpersonal relationships play in shaping personality?

<p>They are significant as personal qualities influence interpretations of behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does rejection sensitivity impact interpersonal relationships?

<p>It can lead to misinterpretations and weaken relationships. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes defensive pessimism?

<p>It is a negative thought pattern about skills or relationships. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of focusing on 'hot' emotions rather than 'cool' events when experiencing rejection?

<p>It results in stronger feelings of rejection and anger. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context does rejection sensitivity manifest as a trait?

<p>In contexts where interpersonal relationships are involved. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is linked to personality consistency across different contexts?

<p>Consistency varies depending on context and relationships. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do socioeconomic factors influence personality?

<p>They can shape opportunities and experiences affecting personality development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in lifespan contexts that affects personality development?

<p>Developmental stages and experiences greatly influence personality growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotional paths do optimists and defensive pessimists take in school performance?

<p>Optimists predict well and defensive pessimists predict poorly, but both perform well. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does personality architecture influence our approach to situations?

<p>It changes how we perceive our self-efficacy and the schemas we access. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way might impulsivity have different outcomes in various socioeconomic settings?

<p>Low socioeconomic areas may provide fewer learning opportunities for self-control, affecting impulsivity outcomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect does personality consistency relate to?

<p>The interrelation of our thoughts about personality influenced by context. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do personality traits potentially differ across socioeconomic contexts?

<p>Different traits might have varied meanings and impacts based on socioeconomic factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern in researching personality functioning across the lifespan?

<p>Understanding how different environments affect personality evolution. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do appraisals play in the context of personality architecture?

<p>They evolve based on different environmental contexts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the implications of culture on personality development?

<p>Personality development may be influenced variably depending on cultural context. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Personality in Context

Modern research shows our personalities are significantly influenced by our surroundings (context).

Interpersonal Relationships

Relationships are a major influence on personality, as they are a two-way street where we affect each other.

Rejection Sensitivity

A personality style characterized by the anxious expectation of interpersonal rejection.

Hot vs. Cool Focus

When rejected, focusing on emotions (hot) rather than events (cool) creates more negative feelings.

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Defensive Pessimism

A personality trait involving thinking negatively about a skill/relationship regularly.

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Socioeconomic Context

Factors such as income, education, and social class influence personality.

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Lifespan Context

Personality develops across a person's lifespan, affected by experiences and growth.

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Cultural Context

Culture significantly influences personality and behaviors.

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Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

This theory suggests that as we age, our priorities shift towards focusing on meaningful relationships and experiences. We become selective about who and what we invest our energy in, prioritizing close connections over long-term goals.

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Personality Primary vs. Culture

This debate explores how much influence personality and culture have on each other. Some argue that personality is universal and culture may influence it, while others posit that culture is fundamental to shaping our sense of self and personality.

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Culture's Influence on Personality

This perspective suggests that culture is not merely a backdrop for personality, but actively shapes our identity and forms the basis for our individual differences. It recognizes the interconnectedness of personality and culture.

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Independent vs. Interdependent Self

These are two distinct views of the self, influenced by culture. Independent self emphasizes individuality and autonomy, while interdependent self focuses on social harmony and interconnectedness with others.

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Social Construction of Self

This concept recognizes that our sense of 'self' is not inherent but shaped by the social and cultural environment we live in. This includes the values, beliefs, and practices that define our society.

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Personality Architecture

The overall structure of our emotional and cognitive processes that shape our personality functioning. It explains how we think, feel, and behave based on our knowledge and appraisals.

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Knowledge and Appraisal

Two key parts of thinking; knowledge refers to what we know and understand, while appraisal involves evaluating the relationship between ourselves and our situation.

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Why Appraisal Changes

Our appraisals, or how we evaluate situations, shift across different environments. This is because our knowledge and understanding of a situation can be different depending on the context.

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How Architecture Impacts Us

Our personality architecture impacts our behavior in various situations. It shapes our sense of self-efficacy (belief in our capabilities), how we approach challenges, and which mental patterns we activate in each situation.

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Socioeconomic Context and Personality

The social and economic environment where a person lives significantly influences their personality development. Different contexts can provide varying opportunities and challenges for personality traits to emerge and manifest.

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Impulsivity in Different Contexts

Impulsivity, the tendency to act without thinking, can have very different consequences depending on the socioeconomic environment. In areas with limited opportunities, impulsivity may lead to negative outcomes, while in affluent areas, it may have less severe consequences.

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Personality Functioning Across Lifespan

Our personality doesn't remain static; it evolves and changes over our lifespan. Experiences, learning, and growth all contribute to the development and transformation of our personality traits.

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Challenges of Socioeconomic Context Research

Investigating the influence of socioeconomic context on personality is complex because it's challenging to disentangle cause and effect. It's difficult to determine whether a person's personality influences the environment or vice versa.

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Study Notes

Personality: Chapter 14

  • Personality is significantly influenced by context, not just a single theory
  • Concepts in this chapter are important because they can be applied to many other theories
  • This chapter will not follow the structure-process-growth-change paradigm
  • Personality in context:
    • Interpersonal relationship contexts: these are vital and influential as they are two-way streets; people mutually affect each other. Examples include rejection sensitivity (anxious expectations of rejection)
    • Personality consistency in context: how we think about personality influences the meanings of different contexts
    • Socioeconomic context: important to note cultural differences and how these differences affect personality
    • Lifespan contexts: personality changes over time; older age brings both challenges, and opportunities for different qualities. Socioemotional selectivity theory is relevant here, as older adults prioritize relationships over long-term goals.
    • Culture: Personality is influenced by culture. Personality is not universal. Two fundamental ways of thinking about this is via Personality Primary vs Culture Primary, and personality and universal and influenced by culture. Cultural psychology may be relevant to those interested in these aspects of personality. Social construction of personality and the concept of self are key concepts.

Personality in Context: Outline

  • Interpersonal relationship contexts
  • Personality consistency in context
  • Socioeconomic context
  • Lifespan contexts
  • Culture

Personality in Context: Interpersonal Relationship Context

  • Important because it's a two-way street
  • People mutually affect one another, and qualities change how behavior is interpreted
  • Examples include rejection sensitivity (characterized by anxious expectations of interpersonal rejection)
  • Rejection sensitivity can weaken relationships

Personality in Context: Hot vs Cool Focus

  • When rejected, people focus on emotions (hot) or events (cool)
  • Focusing on emotions can lead to more anger, stronger feelings of rejection, and more intense feelings

Personality in Context: Defensive Pessimism

  • A personality variable where people think negatively about skills or relationships
  • This type of thinking can improve performance

Personality in Context: Personality Consistency

  • The way we think about personality influences the meanings of different contexts
  • Knowledge-and-appraisal personality architecture
    • Overall design of emotional and cognitive symptoms
    • Knowledge and appraisal: two distinct parts, knowing something and evaluating the relationship with oneself in the situation
    • Appraisals vary by environment
    • Architecture affects our approach to situations, our sense of self-efficacy, and which schemas we access in specific situations

Personality in Context: Socioeconomic Context

  • Current theories are influenced by Western culture
  • Important questions include if the same rules apply across different socioeconomic backgrounds
  • Impulsivity might have different outcomes depending on the socioeconomic setting (higher impulsivity could be interpreted more negatively in affluent settings compared to low socioeconomic settings)
  • Different traits, characteristics, and attributes have different meanings and effects in different socioeconomic settings.

Personality in Context: Lifespan Context

  • How does personality change as we age?
  • Older age can bring difficulties and challenges, but older adults can be just as mentally well off as middle-aged people
  • Older adults may lose some qualities as they age, but they can also gain other qualities
  • Selection of particular life domains that are priorities helps older adults focus energy and knowledge. This focus supports resilience.
  • Socioemotional selectivity theory- age, abilities, and opportunities determine what we're motivated to do and where our worth lies

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Personality in Context Chapter 14 PDF

Description

This quiz explores the multifaceted nature of personality as discussed in Chapter 14. It highlights the significance of context in understanding personality traits and how interpersonal relationships, socioeconomic factors, and lifespan changes contribute to personality development. Test your knowledge on various theories and their applications in real-world situations.

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