Week 1: Chapter 3 Issues in Personality Assessment

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Questions and Answers

What does the criterion keying approach primarily focus on when developing a test?

  • The average scores of lower and upper groups
  • Distinguishing items that are answered differently by specific groups (correct)
  • Ensuring questions are universally applicable
  • The aesthetic quality of test items

Which aspect of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) has become controversial in recent years?

  • Its length and complexity
  • The distinctness of diagnostic categories (correct)
  • The true-false format of the inventory
  • Its original method of item selection

Why is continuous effort important in the creation of personality tests?

  • To enhance their construct and discriminant validity (correct)
  • To maintain their popularity among clinicians
  • To ensure they reflect current cultural trends
  • To increase the number of questions over time

Which phrase best describes the main goal of the MMPI's development?

<p>Identifying personality disorders by comparing agreed responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of the evolving understanding of psychiatric diagnoses in relation to the MMPI?

<p>Scores appear on multiple scales instead of a single scale (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does construct validity in personality tests aim to measure?

<p>The relationship between various traits and the test results (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the MMPI determine which items to include for specific diagnoses?

<p>Through statistical comparisons of responses from different diagnosed groups against normals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the process of improving personality tests require?

<p>Periodic revisions and restandardization to validate the constructs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the rational or theoretical approach to assessment?

<p>Formulating a theoretical basis for measurement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is crucial for a measure to be considered useful in the rational approach?

<p>Predicting behavioral criteria effectively (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do reaction times in implicit assessments indicate about a person's sense of self?

<p>They provide information about the implicit sense of self. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the empirical or data-based approach from the rational approach?

<p>Empirical approaches rely on data to determine assessment content (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best distinguishes subjective measures from objective measures?

<p>Subjective measures require personal opinion while objective measures do not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main outcomes of using the empirical approach to assessment?

<p>Creation of assessments that sort people into categories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the motive approach to personality, what is a significant aspect of implicit assessment techniques?

<p>They analyze reaction times to gauge self-related associations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of personality assessments, what is construct validity?

<p>The extent to which a test measures a theoretical construct (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary requirement for all behavior assessment techniques as highlighted in the content?

<p>The person being assessed must provide a sample of behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of measures developed using the criterion keying approach?

<p>They categorize individuals based on specified criteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do self-reports typically differ from objective measures?

<p>Self-reports often involve subjective interpretation of behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the majority of personality measurement devices available today?

<p>They focus on multiple constructs and theoretical validation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the role of data in the empirical approaches to assessment development?

<p>Data provides the basis for identifying and developing test items (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method would NOT be considered an implicit assessment technique?

<p>Using surveys to gather self-reported data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of personality tests, what does criterion keying primarily focus on?

<p>Assessing the correlation of items with external criteria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of using self-reports in personality assessments?

<p>They can incorporate unintended subjective interpretations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Criterion Keying Approach

A method of test development where items distinguishing between groups (like a criterion group and others) are selected.The items chosen are those answered differently by one group compared to another.

MMPI-2

A long true-false personality inventory designed to assess abnormality. The original (MMPI, 1943) was revised in 1989 and is used broadly for psychological assessment.

Construct Validity

The extent to which a test actually measures what it's intended to measure.

Discriminant Validity

The extent to which a test is able to differentiate individuals who should have different scores on different traits.

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Test Revision and Standardization

The ongoing process of updating, refining, and retesting a personality test to ensure accuracy and relevance.

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Psychiatric Diagnosis

The categorization of mental health disorders according to established criteria.

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Criterion Group

A group of individuals who are known to possess a particular characteristic or trait that a test aims to measure.

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Elevated Scores

Higher-than-average scores on a test, potentially indicative of certain personality traits or disorders.

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Rational/Theoretical Approach

A method of measure development that starts with a theory about a personality aspect, then creates a test to measure that aspect.

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Face Validity

A measure's perceived appropriateness; does the test seem to measure what it's intended to?

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Construct Validity

The degree to which a test really measures the theoretical construct it's supposed to.

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Empirical Approach

A measure development method using data, not theory, to determine test items.

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Data-Based Approach

Assessment method that relies on data, rather than theory, to select test items.

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Criterion

The standard or benchmark used to establish the effectiveness of a measure.

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Categorization

The process of sorting individuals into groups based on specific criteria.

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Implicit Self Assessment

A method to measure the implicit sense of self by analyzing reaction times to stimuli related to "me" versus "not me".

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Implicit Assessment Techniques

Assessment techniques heavily used in the motive approach to personality.

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Behavior Sample

An observable action, internal change (like heart rate), responding to questions, or collecting possessions over time.

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Subjective Measures

Measures that involve interpretation, such as an observer's judgment about a person's behavior.

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Objective Measures

Measures that do not require interpretation. An example is counting the number of times a person stutters.

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Observer Ratings

Assessments based on an observer's opinion of a person.

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Self-Reports

Assessments based on a person's own account.

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Study Notes

Personality Assessment

  • Personality assessment is the measuring of personality
  • It's an informal process used daily to understand people
  • Psychology uses formal assessment with techniques like observer ratings

Sources of Information

  • Observer Ratings: Measurements of personality from someone other than the person being assessed.
  • Self-reports: People describing their own personalities.
  • Implicit assessments: Measures not directly asking the person, but instead judging based on responses to tasks.

Reliability of Measurement

  • Reliability refers to the consistency or repeatability of the measurement
  • Problems/issues of reliability in personality assessment are present through differing items, errors in devices, human factors and many observers.
    • Ways to improve reliability include making multiple measurements to cancel out the errors,
      • using slightly different measuring devices
      • using different angles.
  • Internal Consistency: assesses consistency within a set of items
    • Use multiple items to reduce error
    • Correlate items or halves to ensure similarity, (i.e. Split-Half-Reliability)
  • Inter-rater Reliability: Evaluates consensus among raters.
    • Consistency among observers
  • Test-Retest Reliability: Assesses consistency over time (repeat measurement).
    • similar results over several testings.

Validity of Measurement

  • Validity is whether the measurement truly measures the intended concept.
  • Construct Validity: A measure assessing the concept/trait the psychologist has in mind. Includes several different categories.
  • Criterion Validity: A measure's correlation (relationship) to other known measures / indicators of the characteristic.
  • Convergent Validity: A measure relating to similar, but different characteristics.
  • Discriminant Validity: A measure unrelated to characteristics it should not be related to. This helps control for other factors that might affect the measure.
  • Face Validity: The apparent "face-value" of a measure, whether it looks like it measures what it's supposed to. Often a less important aspect of a measure.

Cultural Validity

  • Cultural differences: The assessment procedures and instruments used might have different meanings in different cultures

Response Sets

  • Acquiescence: A tendency to agree - this is a response set
  • Social Desirability: A tendency to portray oneself in a socially favorable light

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