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Questions and Answers
Which of the following factors contributes to the development of an individual's personality?
Which of the following factors contributes to the development of an individual's personality?
The study of personality seeks to understand why people behave similarly in the same situation.
The study of personality seeks to understand why people behave similarly in the same situation.
False
Who proposed the four personality types based on bodily fluids?
Who proposed the four personality types based on bodily fluids?
Hippocrates
According to Hippocrates, individuals with an abundance of _____ were categorized as sanguine.
According to Hippocrates, individuals with an abundance of _____ were categorized as sanguine.
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Match each Greek personality type with its description:
Match each Greek personality type with its description:
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Which of the following theories suggests that at least 50% of personality characteristics can be traced back to genetic inheritance?
Which of the following theories suggests that at least 50% of personality characteristics can be traced back to genetic inheritance?
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Identical twins raised together have no similarities in personality compared to those raised apart.
Identical twins raised together have no similarities in personality compared to those raised apart.
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What is the primary focus of the study of personality?
What is the primary focus of the study of personality?
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Which part of the personality is primarily concerned with immediate gratification?
Which part of the personality is primarily concerned with immediate gratification?
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The super ego encourages immediate pleasure-seeking behavior.
The super ego encourages immediate pleasure-seeking behavior.
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What are the two subsystems of the super ego?
What are the two subsystems of the super ego?
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Which personality type is associated with a high risk of developing cardiovascular disease?
Which personality type is associated with a high risk of developing cardiovascular disease?
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The ______ operates on the reality principle and mediates the demands of the id and the super ego.
The ______ operates on the reality principle and mediates the demands of the id and the super ego.
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Type B personality individuals are characterized by a high sense of time urgency.
Type B personality individuals are characterized by a high sense of time urgency.
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Match the following personality components with their primary functions:
Match the following personality components with their primary functions:
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What are the personality types described by Friedman & Rosenman?
What are the personality types described by Friedman & Rosenman?
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Individuals with a cancer-prone personality are referred to as Type ______ personality.
Individuals with a cancer-prone personality are referred to as Type ______ personality.
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What approach does the Ego encourage when feeling aggressive towards someone?
What approach does the Ego encourage when feeling aggressive towards someone?
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The Id is influenced significantly by social norms and laws.
The Id is influenced significantly by social norms and laws.
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Match the personality approaches with their descriptions:
Match the personality approaches with their descriptions:
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Which approach to personality claims that behavior is guided by unconscious influences?
Which approach to personality claims that behavior is guided by unconscious influences?
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What does the Id say regarding sexual pleasure?
What does the Id say regarding sexual pleasure?
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Individuals with Type A personalities are typically more agreeable than those with Type B personalities.
Individuals with Type A personalities are typically more agreeable than those with Type B personalities.
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What is one key characteristic of individuals with Type C personality?
What is one key characteristic of individuals with Type C personality?
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Which of the following describes a person with antisocial personality disorder?
Which of the following describes a person with antisocial personality disorder?
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Schizotypal personality disorder is characterized by individuals who are warm and sociable.
Schizotypal personality disorder is characterized by individuals who are warm and sociable.
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What is the classification of personality disorders based on emotional and impulsive behaviors?
What is the classification of personality disorders based on emotional and impulsive behaviors?
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A person with ______ fixation continues to seek pleasure from oral activities.
A person with ______ fixation continues to seek pleasure from oral activities.
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Match the following personality disorders with their characteristics:
Match the following personality disorders with their characteristics:
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Which of the following is an example of a disorder in Cluster A?
Which of the following is an example of a disorder in Cluster A?
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Personality disorders are characterized by consistent patterns of thinking and behavior throughout life.
Personality disorders are characterized by consistent patterns of thinking and behavior throughout life.
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What type of personality disorder is characterized by coldness and aloofness?
What type of personality disorder is characterized by coldness and aloofness?
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What did Freud call the pleasure-seeking impulses of the id?
What did Freud call the pleasure-seeking impulses of the id?
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According to Freud, experiences during childhood do not significantly shape our adult personalities.
According to Freud, experiences during childhood do not significantly shape our adult personalities.
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What happens if a child's oral needs are not met during the oral stage?
What happens if a child's oral needs are not met during the oral stage?
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The __________ stage focuses on the pleasure center of the mouth and occurs from birth to one year.
The __________ stage focuses on the pleasure center of the mouth and occurs from birth to one year.
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Match the psychosexual stages of development with their corresponding age ranges:
Match the psychosexual stages of development with their corresponding age ranges:
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What is a possible consequence of improper resolution during the anal stage?
What is a possible consequence of improper resolution during the anal stage?
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The superego primarily seeks immediate gratification.
The superego primarily seeks immediate gratification.
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What does Freud mean by the term 'fixated' in relation to developmental stages?
What does Freud mean by the term 'fixated' in relation to developmental stages?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Borderline Personality Disorder?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Borderline Personality Disorder?
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Individuals with Histrionic Personality Disorder often have deep and meaningful emotions.
Individuals with Histrionic Personality Disorder often have deep and meaningful emotions.
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What commonly exhibited behavior is observed in individuals experiencing a crisis due to Borderline Personality Disorder?
What commonly exhibited behavior is observed in individuals experiencing a crisis due to Borderline Personality Disorder?
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Individuals with Avoidant Personality Disorder often fear __________.
Individuals with Avoidant Personality Disorder often fear __________.
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Match the personality disorder to its characteristic behavior:
Match the personality disorder to its characteristic behavior:
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Which behavior is typical for individuals with Histrionic Personality Disorder?
Which behavior is typical for individuals with Histrionic Personality Disorder?
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Dependent Personality Disorder is characterized by excessive independence and avoidance of responsibility.
Dependent Personality Disorder is characterized by excessive independence and avoidance of responsibility.
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Name one major characteristic of Avoidant Personality Disorder.
Name one major characteristic of Avoidant Personality Disorder.
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Study Notes
Personality and Personality Disorders
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Personality, in a layman's terms, refers to a person's unique qualities. A more formal definition describes it as a consistent pattern of characteristics, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that remain stable over time and situations, differentiating individuals.
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Personality encompasses intelligence, emotions, cognition, motivation, learning, psychopathology, and social interactions.
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No two people have the same personality. The study of personality aims to answer "who" a person is, "why" they act the way they do, and why some behaviors are unusual.
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A multitude of factors influence an individual's personality throughout their life, including genetics, environment, and culture.
Genetic and Environmental Influences
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Many personality characteristics are passed down from parents, with genetic inheritance being a significant determinant.
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Genetic factors account for approximately 50% of the variability in many personality traits. Environmental factors often contribute an even higher percentage. Identical twins raised separately are just as similar as identical twins raised together.
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The highest heritability is generally found in measures of abilities, intelligence, sociability, and emotional ability.
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Despite genetic predispositions, environmental and cultural factors still play a crucial role in shaping personality differences in individuals.
Personality Theories
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Culture can significantly influence personality characteristics.
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Greeks believed the body was composed of four fluids (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile), each linked to specific personality traits.
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Hippocrates (460-371 BCE) categorized personality into four types based on fluid predominance:
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Sanguine: cheerful, optimistic, and active (abundance of blood).
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Phlegmatic: listless, sluggish, and tired (lack of phlegm).
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Melancholic: perpetually sad and brooding (abundance of black bile).
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Choleric: easily excitable and prone to anger (abundance of yellow bile).
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Modern research adds more complex models of personality. Friedman and Rosenman's research introduced Type A and Type B personality types.
Type A and Type B Personalities
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Type A: highly competitive, ambitious, aggressive, and impatient, often at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Characterized by a sense of urgency.
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Type B: more relaxed, agreeable, and less prone to time urgency. Show lower risk for CVD compared to Type A personalities.
Type C Personality
- Type C individuals are highly sociable and pleasant but are often inhibited in expressing negative emotions. They often suppress emotional responses and tend to be passive and uncomplaining. They have a "cancer-prone" personality.
Personality Approaches
- Four major approaches to understanding personality:
- Psychodynamic
- Learning
- Trait
- Phenomenological
Psychodynamic Approach
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The psychodynamic approach links personality to the interplay of conflicting forces within an individual, both conscious and unconscious. These forces include wishes, fears, and ambitions, influenced by Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung.
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This approach postulates that hidden influences shape personality, making behavior a product of competing motivations.
Trait Approach
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The trait approach emphasizes consistent personality traits that can be measured and studied, such as friendliness, politeness, honesty.
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Psychologists try to create accurate descriptions of traits and situations where those traits are consistently displayed.
Learning Approach
- The learning approach assumes that behavior, including personality, is learned. These learning experiences can occur from individual or social experiences, including imitation, second-hand learning, reinforcement, and punishment.
Humanistic Approach
- The humanistic approach focuses on consciousness, values, and beliefs, including spiritual experiences and life-long belief systems, emphasizing that individuals deliberately, consciously make decisions.
Personality Disorders
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A personality disorder involves a persistent pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that create impairments in functioning and interpersonal relationships.
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Biological factors, including genetics and abnormal EEG patterns, play a role in personality disorders.
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Personality disorders are categorized into three clusters:
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Cluster A: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal. (odd or eccentric behaviors)
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Cluster B: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic. (dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors)
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Cluster C: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive. (anxious or fearful behaviors)
Specific Personality Disorders (Cluster A)
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Paranoid: mistrustful and suspicious of others, difficulty with criticism, may watch individuals for signs of betrayal.
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Schizoid: withdrawn, prefer to be alone, have little interest in social interactions or intimacy, avoid close relationships.
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Schizotypal: aloofness, odd behaviors, unusual thinking patterns.
Specific Personality Disorders (Cluster B)
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Antisocial: lack remorse, irresponsible, aggressive, engage in criminal behavior, deceitful, and show a lack of empathy for others.
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Borderline: instability in relationships, intense emotions, impulsivity, self harm, difficulty controlling emotions.
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Histrionic: overly dramatic, attention-seeking, and seductive, often exaggerate their emotions and may experience emotional dysregulation.
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Narcissistic: grandiosity, need for admiration, a sense of entitlement, difficulties with interpersonal relationships, and may exploit others.
Specific Personality Disorders (Cluster C)
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Avoidant: shy, lack self-esteem, introverted, fear rejection, and tend to avoid social situations.
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Dependent: submissive, self-doubt, clingy, reliant on others, difficulty taking responsibility or making independent decisions, excessively seek approval.
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Obsessive-Compulsive: rigid, perfectionistic, preoccupied with order and control, reluctant to spend money, prone to anxiety. (differ from clinical obsessive-compulsive disorder)
Psychosexual Development
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Freud believed that childhood experiences significantly shape adult personality and behavior. He proposed stages with specific focal points for the libido.
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Early childhood development involves psychosexual stages:
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Oral (0-1 year)
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Anal (1-3 years)
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Phallic (3-6 years)
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Latency (6-12 years)
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Genital (12+ years)
Mental Defense Mechanisms
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Mental defense mechanisms are coping strategies that help a person deal with psychological conflicts and reduce feelings of anxiety.
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Defense mechanisms include:
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Denial: refusing to accept reality.
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Repression: pushing unwanted thoughts and feelings into the unconscious mind.
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Rationalization: justifying behavior to make it seem more acceptable.
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Displacement: transferring emotions from one person or object to another.
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Projection: attributing one's own undesirable traits to others.
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Regression: reverting to a childlike state to cope with stress.
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Sublimation: channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities.
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Reaction Formation: behaving in the opposite manner to express unwanted feelings.
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Intellectualization: dealing with emotional distress by focusing on thoughts and ideas.
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Fixation: Attachment to behaviors from a prior stage of development.
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of personality and personality disorders, focusing on their definitions, influences, and characteristics. Delve into the interplay between genetics and environment in shaping an individual's personality. Understand the various factors that contribute to the uniqueness of every person.
